fa مدل‌سازی دینامیک ریسک فصلی و تحلیل اثر متقابل اجزای جیره بر آلودگی آفلاتوکسین B1 در خوراک آبزیان: رویکردی نوین در مدیریت هوشمند ایمنی خوراک قارچ شناسی پزشکی قارچ شناسی پزشکی پژوهشي اصیل Original Research <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut="">مقدمه: </span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">سم توسط قارچ‌های آسپرژیلوس دارند. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تغییرات فصلی </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">AFB1</span></span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">و ارزیابی اثر متقابل فصل و نوع ماتریس خوراک شامل خوراک کامل اکسترود شده، ذرت، کنجاله سویا و پودر ماهی انجام شد.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut="">مواد و روش‌ها:</span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""> <span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">در یک مطالعه طولی یک‌ساله، نمونه‌برداری سیستماتیک در چهار فصل سال انجام شد. غلظت </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">AFB1</span></span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">در نمونه‌ها با استفاده از روش الایزا</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt"> (</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">ELISA</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">) </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">اندازه‌گیری گردید. داده‌ها با استفاده از تحلیل واریانس دوطرفه</span></span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">برای بررسی اثر فصل، نوع ماتریس و اثر متقابل آن‌ها تحلیل شدند و جهت مقایسه میانگین‌ها از آزمون تعقیبی توکی استفاده شد.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut="">یافته‌‌ها: </span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">نتایج نشان داد اثر متقابل فصل و جزء جیره بر غلظت </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">AFB1</span></span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">معنی‌دار است (001/0</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">P</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt"><</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">). </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">بیشترین میزان آلودگی در فصل تابستان مشاهده شد؛ به‌طوری‌که غلظت </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">AFB1</span></span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">در خوراک کامل </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">&mu;g</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">/</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">kg</span></span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">69/0</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span cambria="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">&plusmn;</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">84/6</span></span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">و ذرت </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">&mu;g/kg</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt"> 28/0</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span cambria="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">&plusmn;</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">35/6</span></span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">از حد مجاز </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">&micro;g/kg</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt"> 5 تعیین‌شده توسط اتحادیه اروپا فراتر رفت. در مقابل، پودر ماهی در تمامی فصول پایین‌تر از حد تشخیص </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">(</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">LOD</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">)</span></span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt"> باقی ماند. کمترین میزان آلودگی در زمستان ثبت شد (</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">&mu;g</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">/</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">kg</span></span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">0039/0</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span cambria="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">&plusmn;</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">40/1).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut="">بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: </span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد آلودگی </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">AFB1</span></span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">تحت تأثیر تعامل فصل و نوع ماتریس خوراک قرار دارد و در فصول گرم، به‌ویژه در ذرت و خوراک کامل، افزایش می‌یابد. بنابراین، پایش </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">AFB1</span></span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" yagut=""><span style="letter-spacing:.15pt">باید به‌صورت هدفمند و مبتنی بر فصل و نوع خوراک انجام شود و در فصول گرم سال با حساسیت بیشتری غربالگری صورت گیرد.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span minion="" pro="" style="font-family:">Background: </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span minion="" pro="" style="font-family:">Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination represents a major hazard in aquafeed and food safety, posing significant health and economic risks. Environmental conditions, particularly temperature and humidity, play a critical role in aflatoxin production by Aspergillus species. This study aimed to investigate seasonal variation in AFB1 and to evaluate the interaction between season and feed matrix type, including extruded complete feed, corn, soybean meal, and fish meal.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span minion="" pro="" style="font-family:">Materials and Methods: </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span minion="" pro="" style="font-family:">A one-year longitudinal study using systematic sampling was conducted across four seasons. AFB1 concentrations were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA) to assess the effects of season, feed matrix, and their interaction. Tukey&rsquo;s post hoc test was applied for multiple comparisons.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span minion="" pro="" style="font-family:">Results: </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span minion="" pro="" style="font-family:">The results demonstrated a significant interaction between season and feed component on AFB1 concentration (P < 0.001). The highest contamination levels were observed in summer, where AFB1 concentrations in complete feed (6.84 &plusmn; 0.69 &micro;g/kg) and corn (6.35 &plusmn; 0.28 &micro;g/kg) exceeded the European Union maximum limit of 5 &micro;g/kg. In contrast, fish meal remained below the limit of detection (LOD) across all seasons. The lowest contamination level was recorded in winter (1.40 &plusmn; 0.0039 &micro;g/kg).</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span minion="" pro="" style="font-family:">Conclusion: </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span minion="" pro="" style="font-family:">These findings indicate that AFB1 contamination is influenced by the interaction between season and feed matrix, with higher levels observed during warm seasons, particularly in corn and complete feed. Therefore, AFB1 monitoring programs should be seasonally based and matrix-specific, with enhanced screening during warmer periods.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div> <span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL" style="font-family:"B Nazanin""></span></span></span></span> آفلاتوکسین B1, سم‌شناسی خوراک آبزیان, دینامیک فصلی, مدل‌سازی ریسک, ایمنی مواد غذایی, آلودگی ذرت. Aflatoxin B1, Animal Feed, Food Contamination, Seasons, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay 30 37 http://yafte.lums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-3808-2&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Mohammad-Javad Khalili محمد جواد خلیلی mohammadjavadkhalili79@gmail.com 7200319475328460031968 0009-0000-9162-7631 No Department of Food Hygiene, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran گروه بهداشت مواد غذایی، واحد شهرکرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شهرکرد، ایران Najmeh Vahed-Dehkordi نجمه واحد دهکردی najmeh.vaheddehkordi@iau.ir 7200319475328460031969 7200319475328460031969 Yes Department of Food Hygiene, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran گروه بهداشت مواد غذایی، واحد شهرکرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شهرکرد، ایران Ebrahim Rahimi ابراهیم رحیمی E.rahimi@iaushk.ac.ir 7200319475328460031970 0009-0005-2013-8212 No Research Center for Nutrition and Organic Products, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran مرکز تحقیقات تغذیه و محصولات ارگانیک، واحد شهرکرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شهرکرد، ایران