Omid Yaghoobpour Yekani , Mohamad Ali Azarbayjani, Maghsoud Peeri, Parvin Farzanegi,
Volume 19, Issue 5 (2-2018)
Abstract
Background:Anti-inflammation and anti-apoptotic effects of physical activity have been proven and its effectiveness depends on intensity, duration and type.
Since obesity is considered as a mild chronic inflammation, it is reasonable that the degenerative damages occurin tissues, especially in the liver as the center of metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two types aerobic training (endurance and high intensity interval training) on markers of hepatocyte apoptosis in rats fed with high fat diet.
Materials and Methods: In an experimental trial, 28 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control-normal diet, control-high fat diet, endurance training-high fat diet and high intensity training-high fat diet. In the first stage, rats were fed with high fat diet for 13 weeks.Then, they trained for 12 weeks, 5 sessions per week. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were anesthetized and the liver tissue was removed to evaluate the expression of regulatory genes in the pathway of apoptosis.
Results: High intensity training induced significant increase in the expression BAX gene(P=0.001) whereas, there was no significant effects on BCL-2 gene (p=0.06). High intensity training compared with endurance training caused an increase in BAX/ Bcl-2 ratio. Pattern of Caspase-9 changes was similar to the BAX/ BCL-2 ratio.
Conclusion: The results showed that the effect of physical activity on the pathway of hepatocytes apoptosis depends on the type and intensity of training. Therefore, it is recommended to use moderate endurance training to protect the liver from damage caused by high fat diet.
Farid Bahrami, Mohamad Fathi, Hasan Ahmadvand, Naser Pajohi,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (4-2018)
Abstract
Background : Skeletal muscles are composed of various contracted fibrils, which are mainly divided into fast-twitch and slow-twitch. This study aimed to investigate 8 weeks endurance activity on the MEF2 and HDACA4 gene expression in fast-twitch and slow-twitch skeletal muscles in male Wistar rats.
Materials and Methods: in order to carry out this study, 20 heads of male Wistar rats, age 4 weeks (110± 10), were bought from the Razi Institute of Lorestan Medical University. The same laboratory conditions were provided for the rats for the completion of 14 days of an endurance familiarization course to teach running on treadmill. At the end of this course, the rats were randomly divided into 2 groups. Experimental group (n=10 head) and control group (n= 10 head). An eight week endurance program, 5 sessions per week, was performed for the experimental group.
Results: this study showed that there was no significant change in the relative gene expression of HDACA4 and MEF2 in EDL muscle in either group (P>0.05). However, the relative gene expression of MEF2 in the experimental group was not statically significant in comparison to the control group (P>0.05). In sol muscles, there was no statically significant changes in either group’s gene expression. The relative gene expression of MEF2 in the experimental group showed a statistically significant reduction in comparison to the control group (P>0.05).
Conclusion: in summary, the results of this research have shown that doing 8 weeks endurance exercises did not cause any changes in HDAC4 and MEF2 gene expression in EDL muscle. Although in the SOL muscle, MEF2 gene expression decreased, no changes in the level of HDAC4 gene expression were observed.
Ali Hosseini, Mahsa Nezafat Absardi , Saedeh Shadmehri, Omid Reza Salehi, Homa Hajisadeghi,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (4-2018)
Abstract
Background: Exercise and nutrition are two basic foundations in the control of increased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in diabetes disease. The aim of the present study was to review the interactional effects of endurance training and aloe vera gel on ALT and AST levels in diabetic rats.
Materials and Methods: Forty five diabetic rats were selected and divided into 5 groups of 9 rats (1) first week control, (2) sixth week control, (3) endurance training, (4) aloe vera, (5) endurance training with aloe vera. Also for review of the effects of diabetes induction on ALT and AST, 18 rats were divided into two groups of (6) first week control, and (7) sixth week control. Groups 3 and 5 ran on treadmills for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 20 minutes per session. Groups 4 and 5 received 100 mg/kg aloe vera gel. For statistical analysis of the data one way ANOVA and tukey post hoc tests (p≤0.05) were used.
Results: Diabetes induction has a significant effect on the increase of ALT (p=0.04): endurance training together with aloe vera gel has a significant effect on the reduction of ALT and AST levels (p=0.001); endurance training with aloe vera gel, together with endurance training and aloe vera gel consumption has more effect on reduction of ALT (p=0.001). Endurance exercise together with Aloe vera gel has a greater effect on AST reduction than endurance training alone (P = 0.04).
Conclusion: 6 weeks of endurance training and aloe vera gel have interactional effects on the improvement of ALT and AST levels in diabetic rats.
Tahereh Gholami, Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani, Hassan Matinhomaee,
Volume 20, Issue 2 (6-2018)
Abstract
Background: Anabolic Steroid hormones are commonly misued by athletes in order to improve athletic performance. The aim of present research is the simultaneous study of the effect of jujube alcohol extract, Gallic acid and endurance training on histopathology changes of Hippocampus in male rats, which had been poisoned by anabolic steroids.
Materials and Methods: In this research, female wistar rats, weighing from 200-250g were selected randomly and divided into 10 groups as follows: Group 1- control, group 2 - instinct, group 3 - poisoned by Boldenon (5 mg/kg), group 4 - jujube + Boldenon, group 5 - Gallic acid+ Boldenon, group 6 - Endurance Training + Boldenon (5mil/gr), group 7 jujube plus endurance training, group 8 - Gallic acid plus endurance training, group 9 Boldenon (2 mg/kg), group 10 Boldenon 2mg plus endurance training. After 8 weeks of endurance training and receiving Boldenon weekly through muscular injection, tissue sampling was done on the rats and then a histopathology study was conducted.
Results: The findings show that the structural changes of the hippocampus in all groups in comparison to the control group are significantly higher, but there was no inflammation in any group. Based on the results of present study, using Boldenon (high dosage – low dosage) causes structural changes in Hippocampus.
Conclusion: Discussion and conclusion: based on the present research, it was found that structural changes of hippocampus tissue caused by poisoning by Boldenon in all groups was significantly more than in the control group. However, in no group, was enlargement seen. It was also shown that endurance jujube essence, and Gallic acid has some effects in decreasing neurological damage caused by receiving Boldenon and has synergistic effects.
Rahman Soori, Firuz Sharafi Dehrahm, Sirous Choobine, Vahid Valipour Dehnou,
Volume 20, Issue 3 (10-2018)
Abstract
Background: Exercise is considered as the important treatment in diabetic patients and the process of angiogenesis in diabetes can be affected by exercise. The purpose was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of endurance training in the form of treadmill running on VEGF levels in cardiac muscle of diabetic rats.
Materials and Methods: 24 male Wistar rats weighing 245±9.4 g and 8 weeks old were randomly assigned to control (n=6), exercise (n=6) diabetic (n=6) and diabetic and exercise (n=6). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). The training was performed for 6 weeks and 5 sessions per week. 24 hours after the protocol, the rats were sacrificed and their cardiac tissue extracted. The VEGF levels were measured by ELISA. To analyze data, one-way ANOVA was used.
Results: Training results showed a significant increase in VEGF in the diabetic group compared to the control group (p=0.008). The level of VEGF in the diabetic group was significantly reduced compared with the control and exercise groups (p=0.001). The level of VEGF in the diabetic and exercise group was significantly lower than the control and exercise groups (P<0.05). Exercise significantly increased VEGF in the exercise group compared to the control group (p=0.001).
Conclusion: VEGF levels were significantly higher in healthy groups than in diabetic groups and training increased the level of VEGF in the cardiac muscle, and possibly this increased levels of VEGF has positive effects on angiogenic processes in diabetic patients. Therefore, endurance training could be a valuable strategy to develop therapies for diabetes.
Hoseyn Dalvand, Ahmad Hematfar, Naser Behpoor,
Volume 21, Issue 1 (5-2019)
Abstract
Background: Curcumin is an active ingredient in turmeric, which is used as herbal medicine for the treatment of certain diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two weeks of exhaustive swimming and supplementation of curcumin on alcohol induced liver damage biomarkers in male wistar rats.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 32 male wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into 4 equal groups: control, training, supplemental curcumin, and training with curcumin supplement. At first, every 8 hours for 4 days, alcohol was gavaged to all groups, proportional to the body weight of each rat. This was followed by an alcohol withdrawal period. After that, the practice period began, including long-term swimming in water, for the exercise group, and the curcumin supplement with exercise group. Finally, blood samples were taken from the heart under anaesthetic
Results: Curcumin had no significant effect on AST (P = 0.401) and ALT (P = 0.978) and the ratio of these two enzymes (p = 0.657). Exercise significantly reduced AST (P = 0.022), but did not significantly decrease ALT (P = 0.759) or the ratio of these two enzymes (p = 0.225). Exercise and supplementation interaction did not significantly decrease ALT (P = 0.462) or AST (P = 0.073) activity or the AST / ALT ratio (P = 0.520).
Conclusion: The reduction of liver damage markers in this study suggests that exercise and curcumin consumption may, through protective effects, improve the negative effects of alcohol on the liver, and prevent alcohol induced liver disease.
Hassan Sohrabian Kafraj, Abdolhosein Shiravi, Vida Hojati, Mojtaba Khaksarian, Maryam Alipour,
Volume 21, Issue 3 (11-2019)
Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults. Ginger has anti-tumor, anti-fungal, insecticidal, and anti-cancer properties. However, its anti-tumor effects on the C6 glioma cell line have not been examined. Hence, the anti-tumor effect of its hydro alcoholic extract has been investigated in the present study.
Materials and Methods: The hydro alcoholic extract of ginger was prepared. After the cultivation and proliferation of C6 glioma cells, they were exposed to concentrations of 100 to 1000 μg / ml for 24, 48 and 72 days, and the cell viability was determined by MTT method. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance model.
Results: The results of MTT test showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of ginger could have dose and time-dependent anti-tumor effect on tumor cells. The highest percentage of cell death was observed with the increasing concentration of the extract and the extention of the incubation period up to 72 hours. The inhibitory concentration of cells growth (IC50) for tumor cells obtained for 24, 48, and 72 hours were 500.25, 611.118, and 733.33μg / ml respectively.
Conclusion: Since the hydroalcoholic extract of ginger in a dose and time-dependent manner inhibited the growth of C6 glioma cell lines, this extract might be effective in the treatment of brain tumors.
Lotfali Bolboli, Mojdeh Khajehlandi,
Volume 21, Issue 4 (1-2020)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The antioxidant status of the cardiac tissue changes in diabetes, and increases the oxidative damage of the membrane and tissue. Given the possibly positive role of exercise training on antioxidant status, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of six weeks of endurance training on the activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in the cardiac tissue of healthy and diabetic Wistar rats.
Materials & Methods: 24 adult male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6 rats: diabetic training group (DT), diabetic control group (DC), healthy training group (HT) and healthy control group (HC). The animals performed 6 weeks of moderate-intensity endurance training. The heart tissues were extracted 24 hours after the last training session in order to measure the activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test.
Results: After 6 weeks of endurance training, the changes of glutathione peroxidase levels were significantly different in the diabetic training group compared to the healthy and diabetic control groups with significance levels of (P=0/007) and (P=0/017) respectively. The levels of superoxide dismutase also increased significantly in the diabetic training group compared to the diabetic control group with the significance level of (P=0/025).
Conclusion: It appears that moderate-intensity endurance exercise might have a significant effect on the antioxidant system of the heart tissue of diabetic rats. Moreover, it could be helpful in preventing the development of cardiovascular complications from diabetes.
Aamir Hoshang Monazami, Zaher Etemad, Afshin Nazari, Mohsen Mohammadi,
Volume 22, Issue 3 (11-2020)
Abstract
Background: Diabetes may be associated with an imbalance between the protective effects of antioxidants and increased production of free radicals. Oxidative stress also appears to contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. In this study the effect of endurance exercise with cinnamon bark extract on antioxidant activity levels and cardiac index in streptozotocin- (STZ) induced DM in male rats were investigated.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 50 male Wistar rats weight: 200-232 g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=10): 1. Healthy control (CO), 2. Diabetic control (CD), 3. Diabetic + cinnamon extract treatment (D+CZ), 4. Diabetic + exercise training (D+EX), 5. Diabetic + cinnamon extract treatment + exercise training (D+EX+CZ). In D+EX+CZ group, the animals practiced endurance training for 8 weeks after becoming diabetic, and at the same times each rat has received 200 mg/kg cinnamon hydro alcoholic extract by gavage daily for 8 weeks.
Results: Exercise training in D+EX and D+EX+CZ significantly prevented the decrease in heart weight compared to DC and D+CZ groups. The activity of the antioxidant enzyme (catalase) in the D+EX+CZ group increased significantly compared to the control group. Superoxide dismutase also increased significantly in all groups compared to the control group. Also, the activity of GPX enzyme (glutathione peroxidase) in D+EX+CZ and D+CZ groups showed a significant increase compared to the control group.
Conclusion: The increased GPX, CAT and SOD activity and prevented the decrease in heart weight induced by combined intervention of cinnamon extract and endurance training may attenuate oxidative stress in diabetic rats
Hojatolah Shahavand, Sedigheh Hoseynpoor Delavar, Naser Behpoor, Hassan Safikhani, Masumeh Azizi,
Volume 22, Issue 4 (1-2021)
Abstract
Background: Patients with diabetes mellitus are at high risk of antioxidants and in long-term vascular lesions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of one course of aerobic exercise on the gene expression of angiopoietin-1 (ANGPT-1) and cardiac tissue oxidative status (TOS) in diabetic rats.
Materials and Methods: 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups (n= 10) diabetic training, diabetic control and healthy control groups. Animals in diabetic groups were diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The exercise program consisted of 6 weeks of treadmill training. 24 hours after the last training session to evaluate the effect of exercise, cardiac tissue samples were extracted to measure gene expression of ANGPT-1 and total oxidative status. One-way ANOVA with statistical level (P<0.05) was used to compare the differences between groups.
Results: The results showed that gene expression of ANGPT-1 and TOS were significantly increased in the diabetic training group compared to the diabetic control group (P= 0.001) but only in the ANGPT-1 there were no significant differences (P= 0.001) between two groups of diabetic control and healthy control (P>0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that endurance training has a positive effect on the expression of ANGPT-1 gene and improves the overall antioxidant status of the heart tissue of diabetic rats and improve the diabetic heart.
Abdollah Bagheri, Ahmad Hematfar, Mahdi Roozbahani, Naser Behpur,
Volume 23, Issue 0 (11-2021)
Abstract
Background: Apoptosis plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular complications, especially acute myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that exercise can alter the pathways of myocardial apoptosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of two weeks of intense intermittent exercise on Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspas-3 in the heart tissue of male rats.
Materials and Methods: 20 male Wistar rats aged 8 weeks (mean weight 224.41 5 5.1 g) were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, training, stroke and stroke-training. The training groups performed two weeks of intense intermittent training in four sections. The first section received two sessions three days a week, each session consisting of four intense two-minute intervals at a speed of 35 to 40 meters per minute, with an active 2-minute rest interval between the two rotations. The exercises of the second part included two days a week, two sessions each day containing 4 intense 2-minute intervals and 3 2-minute active rest intervals. The third section, on three days a week, included 5 intense cycles and 4 active rest cycles. The fourth part consisted of two days a week with the same intensity as the third part, but with an increase in the frequency of activity and active rest in each session. Finally, Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspas-3 proteins were measured using ELISA kit in blood samples taken from heart tissue and the data obtained using the analysis of variance were measured. Paths were analyzed at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: There was a significant decrease in Bax and Caspas-3 indices between exercise-stroke and stroke groups (P = 0.000), but Bcl-2 index in exercise-stroke group increased significantly compared to stroke group. (P = 0.000) was associated.
Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, performing 2 weeks of intense intermittent exercise reduces apoptosis and myocardial infarction and can protect the heart from possible injuries.
Farhad Fathipur, Leila Zarei, Rahim Mohammadi,
Volume 23, Issue 0 (11-2021)
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to perform a functional and histological study of the effect of coenzyme Q10 using allografts in a rat sciatic nerve repair model.
Materials and Methods: 45 male rats were randomly divided into three groups of 15. The first group received 10 μl of sterile normal saline buffer solution intraperitoneally for one week. Buffer was injected intraperitoneally to each rat. In the third group, the left sciatic nerve was removed and each rat received the sciatic nerve extracted from the second group and was injected intraperitoneally with the same volume of coenzyme Q10 at a dose of 200 mg / kg / day for one week. Rats underwent histological evaluation and histomorphometric studies and sciatic nerve function index at 4, 8 and 12 weeks postoperatively.
Results: The morphometric and functional indices of the sciatic nerve in the third group were significantly different from the second group (P <0.05). These indicators were improved in the third group.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that topical injection of coenzyme Q10 in the inflammatory phase after rat sciatic nerve resection accelerated the process of nerve regeneration by reducing the process of secondary damage.
Nooshin Yazdani, Seyed Ebrahim Hossini, Mohamad Amin Edalatmanesh,
Volume 23, Issue 0 (11-2021)
Abstract
Abstract
Background and Objectives: A high-fat diet(HFD) can damage the kidneys. Aloe vera gel with fat reducing properties is used to treat kidney disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Aloe vera ethanolic extract on biochemical parameters and histological in the kidney tissue of rats fed with HFD.
Materials and methods:In this study , 40 adult male Wistar rats were purchased and randomly categorized in to the 5 groups animals, including two control groups ( control, control fed with a HFD and The experimental groups were divided into simultaneous recipient (H.F.D) and doses of 150, 300 and 600 mg / kg of aloe vera extract, respectively Prescriptions were performed for 60 days.finally after blood sampling, kidney tissue was dissected and histopathologically examined histopathologically and serum concentrations of BUN ,total protein , creatinine and albumin were measured. Data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance and Duncan post hoc test.
Results: Fed with a H.F.D increased the serum concenrations of BUN and creatinine and decreased serum albumin concentrations (P<0.05).The use of aloe vera extract in rats fed a high-fat diet improved renal tissue, significantly reduced BUN concentrations, and increased serum albumin and total protein concentrations.No significant effect was observed in the mean serum concentrations of creatinine in the groups receiving aloe vera Ethanolic extract.
Conclusion: aloevera ethanolic extract may reduced serum concentrations BUN, increased serum albumin , total protein in rats fed with a HFD. Also, aloevera extract improved the structure of kidney tissue.
Abbas Zabihi, Minoo Mahmoodi,
Volume 23, Issue 0 (11-2021)
Abstract
Background: In recent years, the number of patients suffering from diabetic ulcers has increased and many studies have shown that stem cells can be effective in healing of skin ulcers. Common diabetic wound therapies face serious failures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the healing of diabetic wounds and collagen changes following injection of fibroblast cells in male rats.
Material and Method: In this experimental study, streptozotocin induced diabetic male Wistar rats (n=16) were divided into two groups: control and foreskin derived fibroblast treated group. Wounds with a diameter of 0.8 cm were created in the back of rats and after subdermal injection fibroblast cells, the wound was evaluated by photographic method and Mason’s trichrome staining on days 7 and 21. Data were analyzed using t-test and one-way analysis of variance.
Results: The healing and collagen production rate significantly increased in fibroblast cells treated group 7 and 21 days after treatment compared with control group (P<0.01).
Conclusion: Subdermal injection of foreskin derived fibroblast cells causes more collagen production and fast healing of diabetic wound therefore can be applied in cell therapy.
Behzad Dehghanizadeh, Zia Fallahmohammadi, Abdolhossein Taheri Kalani, Sayed Javad Mirghani,
Volume 23, Issue 0 (11-2021)
Abstract
Background: Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion causes structural and functional damage in the hippocampus. exercise pre-conditioning can be an effective way to prevent or reduce the risk of stroke. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of Pre-conditioning exercise on treadmill on diminution of the neurons of CA1 region of hippocampus and expression of TNF-α protein following cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion in male rats.
Materials and Methods: Twenty and four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of sham, training, ischemia and ischemia+ training. The rats in training group were trained to run on a treadmill 5 days a week, for 8 weeks before induction of ischemia. Ischemia was induced by blocking both common carotid arteries for 45 minutes. Hematoxylin and eosinophil (H&E) staining and immunohistochemical method were used to neuronal death, and protein expression respectively.
Results: The number of apoptosis neurons in the CA1 area were significantly increased in the ischemia group, compared with the sham and training group (p<0.05). Also, in the ischemia+ training group number of cell death and Expression of TNF-α were significantly lower than ischemia group. (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Regarding on the results, it seems that exercise pre-conditioning on treadmill, as a neuroprotective stimulant, would have protective effects against cell death and inflammation.
Eftekhar Mohammadi, Mohammad Fathi, Farzaneh Chehel Cheraghi, Afshin Nazari,
Volume 23, Issue 0 (11-2021)
Abstract
Abstract: (The effect of 6 weeks of endurance training and Empagliflozin consumption on heart weight and electrical changes of the heart in male Wistar rat's diabetic with STZ
)
Introduction: One risk factor for heart disease is type 2 diabetes, which plays a major role in mortality from cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks of endurance training and Empagliflozin consumption on some indicators of electrical heart activity in male diabetic rats.
Methods: 40 male Wistar rats (250
±20 g) with an age range of 8-10 weeks were randomly divided into five groups: Diabetes Exercise (D + EX), Diabetes+Exercise+Empagliflozin (D+EX+EMP), Diabetes + Empagliflozin (D + EMP), control diabetes (DC) and control group (CONTROL) were divided and were kept in laboratory conditions. The (D + EX + EMP) and (D + EMP) groups also received empagliflozin by gavage for the same period and daily. 48 hours after the completion of the protocol, rats were anesthetized and an electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded and then cardiac tissue was isolated and dissected. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests and Tukey, Games-Howell, Tamhane's T2, Dunn and Dunnett'sT3 post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis.
Results: Mean weight and blood glucose at the beginning of the study were not significantly different in the 5 groups, but after the end of the protocol, significant changes in weight, heart weight, serum glucose, QRS time, QT interval, QTc and ST height were observed in rats.
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that endurance exercise and the use of Empagliflozin can have a positive effect on the electrical conduction current of the heart of diabetic rats through reconstruction.
Mahsa Yadsar, Elham Shahabpoor, Mustafa Moradi Sarabi, Maryam Koushkie Jahromi,
Volume 23, Issue 3 (8-2021)
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular damage caused by physical activity or the use of supplements is one of the serious problems facing athletes in various fields. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of nitric oxide supplements on AST and ALT liver enzymes and the ratio of AST to ALT following a session of eccentric exercise in Sprague Dawley male rats.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 36 Sprague Dawley male rats (two months old) were divided into three groups of control, low dose (4.8 mg/kg body weight), and high dose of NO supplements (15.4 mg/kg body weight). Supplements were given to rats for seven days. Subsequently, all three groups of rats were forced to run on a treadmill for 45 min with a speed of 20 m/min, and a slope of -15 degrees. Blood samples were taken directly from cardiac puncture of rats 24 h after the running exercise. Blood serum variables of the study were measured afterward.
Results: Low dose of nitrate supplements did not change AST and ALT indices, while the high dose of nitrate supplements increased ALT serum level and decreased AST to ALT ratio, compared to a low dose of NO supplements and control group.
Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the consumption of a low dose of NO supplements does not change hepatocellular damage markers, while the high dose of NO supplements causes degeneration of hepatic cells in athletes.
