Yafteh

Cancer is a major and serious problem for human health. Despite the many advances in the field of treatment, it remains the biggest global medical challenge. The main barrier to treating this disease is a process called metastasis, which occurs in 90% of cancers.
According to World Health Statistics, breast cancer is among the three world's prevalent cancers and the second largest cause of cancer deaths in the world that is about 1.67 million people. Bone, liver, lung and brain are common organs for metastatic breast cancer. Proprietary processes and various molecules play a role in metastasis to each of these organs. The target microorganisms first cause the cancer cells to be present in these organs, and then the release of specific factors from cancer cells and their interaction with the target micro-environment results in the survival of these cells and the formation of metastasis. In this review article, we try to find out the key molecules of these mechanisms that can be considered as an appropriate therapeutic target for breast cancer by studying the mechanisms involved in metastatic breast cancer to target organs.

Background &Objective: Despite the fact that public awareness about diabetes control and cardiovascular diseases has increased, but still the main cause of morbidity and mortality in the community. For the treatment and control of diabetes and heart disease can be pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods used. The purpose of this review study is to introduce several risk factors in diabetic patients that increase the chances of cardiovascular involvement.
Materials and Methods: In this review study, Pubmed, ISI and Scopus databases were used to search for articles during the years 1979 to 2020, and the keywords of blood pressure, oxidative stress, obesity, dyslipidemia, endothelial function and inflammatory factors were used.
Results: The worldwide prevalence of diabetes and the occurrence of serious and dangerous complications on the organs of the body, has made this disease a major health problem in all communities and is the main cause of cardiovascular disease. Our study showed that cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in diabetic patients. Factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease include high blood pressure, oxidative stress, obesity, dyslipidemia, endothelial function, and inflammatory factors.
Conclusion: Diabetes is a major cause of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is also the most common cause of death in diabetics.

Background: Nowadays opium addiction is most important problem in most countries. There are some false beliefs about role of opium in prevention and control of heart disease in society, thus suggestion about opium usage is common in this regard. This review is written based on studies that were performed about relation between opium addiction and heart disease.
Materials and Methods: In this review study, relevant articles indexed in Information Sciences Institute, PubMed, Scientific Information Database, IranMedex, SID, PubMed and Scopus were used to search between 1980 and 2017, with further emphasis on those indexed from 2008 to 2019. We used these keywords to search: opium addiction, lipid peroxidation, blood sugar, blood fat, atherosclerosis, infarct size, arrhythmia and heart disease done in people opium addiction.
Results: Data showed the relation between opium addiction and lipid peroxidation, blood sugar, infarct size, arrhythmia and Malondialdehyde index. Different effects have been observed in different studies. This difference may be due to the effect of anesthesia, the dose of the drug, the site of action in the brain, respiratory changes, and the characteristics of the receptors.
Conclusion: Opium addiction associated with different effects on blood sugar, blood fat, blood pressure, atherosclerosis, infarct size, arrhythmia and heart disease.   

Background: Toxoplasmosis is the most important parasitic infection associated with central nervous system. Sufficient knowledge and information about congenital toxoplasmosis and its effective factors is very helpful for health graduates in the prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of the disease in infants. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge level of senior students related to pregnant women in Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran, about congenital toxoplasmosis.
Materials and Methods: This study included 177 students who would deal with pregnant women in their future careers. The students' knowledge and information about congenital toxoplasmosis were assessed and measured based on a pre-designed questionnaire. The Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests were used to compare the obtained data.
Results: The results of this study showed that the students' knowledge about congenital toxoplasmosis was not in a desired range (4.72±71.14%). Based on the results, the level of knowledge was significantly lower in nursing and nutrition students (P=0.013), younger age groups (P=0.013), dormitory residents (P=0.002), and undergraduates (P<0.001), compared to other students (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated the poor level of information of senior students related to pregnant women about congenital toxoplasmosis. Emphasis is placed on the importance of the disease and its irreparable damage to the fetus, development of plans to increase students' awareness of the disease, as well as ways of transmission and prevention.

Background: The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of Valepotriate (from Valeriana officinalis) on pain and inflammation in rats and to determine its possible analgesic and inflammatory mechanisms.
Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted with the objective of investigating the anti-inflammatory effect. To this end, 40 male rats were randomly divided into five groups. In the pain test, 56 male rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n=8 each).
Inflammation test: 1- Normal saline group, 2- Xylene group, 3- Dexamethasone group, 4 and 5- Groups that received the active ingredient Valepotriate at doses of 0.2 and 0.1 mg/kg as a single dose for each animal.
Pain test: 1- Saline group, 2- Formalin, 3- Morphine + Formalin group, 4-5- Valepotriate group (0.2 and 0.1 mg/kg) + Formalin, 6- Naloxone + Extract group (0.2 mg/kg) + Formalin, 7- Naloxone+ Morphine + Formalin group
Results: The results showed a significant decrease in pain response time at 0.2 doses of Valepotriate in acute and chronic pain phases compared to Formalin (P<0.001). Valepotriate active ingredient also exerted its inhibitory effect on xylene-induced inflammation, with the best inhibition percentage observed for 0.2 mg/kg dose and dexamethasone with extract at 0.2 mg/kg (P<0.01).
Conclusion: According to the results, Valepotriate has a relatively strong analgesic effect. It is likely that the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract is at least relatively similar to that of morphine based on opioid receptors. In the inflammation test, the extract was able to inhibit inflammation in a way similar to dexamethasone.