Yafteh

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Proper nutrition is among the most important needs to provide physical and mental health and in other words,it is the essential principle of the society good health.Offering healthy eating to children, the suitable preservation and distribution of foodstuff, and the control of the different sites of the maintenance and allotment of the nutritive substances at the schools are considered to be of foremost importance.So the present study is intended to specify the extent of the control and supervision of the allotment and distribution of the foodstuff to the students and the amount of the nutritional and hygienic knowledge of the parents and educators at the primary schools in 2007. Material and Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study conducted on 5695 male and female students studying at 39 primary schools of Khorramabad (district one). In order to scrutinize the status of the supervision of supply and distribution of the nutritive substances to the students and the measurement of the amount of the nutritional and hygienic knowledge of the parents and educators, a census was carried out. It suffices to say that the parents’ samples were selected apropos the arrangement of the classificatory sampling,cluster sampling, the two-stage sampling, and finally systematic sampling.The data gathering tool was a two self-made questionnaire completed by the interviewees themselves. Subsequently, the data were described with respect to the frequency distribution tables, the x2 independence tests and SPSS,V.15 saftware. Results: It was considered that 29.7% of the primary schools possessed buffets. Besides, 40.5% of them had hygiene educators. The amount of the attentiveness of the parents and educators to the control and supervision of the nutritive substances at the buffets was 61.5%, which is considered as a relatively good estimate. In this way, it is posited that, there exists a significant relationship between the existences of buffets at the primary schools and the scope of the acquaintance of the parents and educators with the control and supervision of the supply and distribution of foodstuff. (P=0/025) Nevertheless, the extent of the hygiene experts’ supervision on the supply of nutritive substances at the buffets was 14.5%, which is conceived to be rather poor. Conclusion: This study showed that, having a suitable place to present and distribute foodstuff in schools is necessary. Due to students needs to healthy snack in school, the surveillance of teachers and health experts is more important.

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Background : Nitrogen-containing ions such as nitrate and nitrite occur widely in a variety of water sources. This pollutant causes health problems such as the blue-baby syndrome, and possible formation of carcinogenic compounds in the digestive tract. Thus, removing them from water sources seems necessary. Biological denitrification is a method used in the treatment of nitrate contaminated water. Numerous biological denitrification processes such as fluidized bed reactors (FBR) have been reported. This bench-scale research describes the operation of granular activated carbon (GAC) based fluidized bed reactors (FBR) for nitrate removal from water. Materials and Methods: The GAC was inoculated with a denitrifing culture isolated from Khorramabad milk industry wastewater. In addition, characteristics of GAC were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A mixed bacterial culture was acclimated to the removal of 50-200 mg NO3-N. L–1 at 1-3 h retention time from water. The experiments were carried out under anoxic conditions. The effects of various operating conditions such as hydraulic retention time (HRT), Nitrate loading rate and initial concentrations of nitrate on the denitrification were demonstrated experimentally. Results: The experimental results demonstrated that the over 94% of NO3-N was removed in the 2-3 h retention time, almost no NO2-N accumulated in treated water when the concentration of NO3-N was around 50-100 mg/L in influent. Under the experimental conditions, drinking water quality was achieved at a nitrogen loading lower than 2.4 kgNO3-N•m-3•day-1 with an influent COD/N ratio of 3 if ethanol was used as the carbon source. The denitrification rate increased up to a maximal value of 3.45 kgNO3-N•m-3•day-1 with increasing nitrogen loading rate (4.8 kgNO3-N•m-3•day-1). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that GAC offers favorable attachment sites for bacteria on the surfaces of GAC for Nitrate removal and denitrification of water was carried out in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR) using Activated carbon-immobilized cell beads as support carriers.