Yafteh

Background: Exercise is considered as the important treatment in diabetic patients and the process of angiogenesis in diabetes can be affected by exercise. The purpose was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of endurance training in the form of treadmill running on VEGF levels in cardiac muscle of diabetic rats.
Materials and Methods: 24 male Wistar rats weighing 245±9.4 g and 8 weeks old were randomly assigned to control (n=6), exercise (n=6) diabetic (n=6) and diabetic and exercise (n=6). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). The training was performed for 6 weeks and 5 sessions per week. 24 hours after the protocol, the rats were sacrificed and their cardiac tissue extracted. The VEGF levels were measured by ELISA. To analyze data, one-way ANOVA was used.
Results: Training results showed a significant increase in VEGF in the diabetic group compared to the control group (p=0.008). The level of VEGF in the diabetic group was significantly reduced compared with the control and exercise groups (p=0.001). The level of VEGF in the diabetic and exercise group was significantly lower than the control and exercise groups (P<0.05). Exercise significantly increased VEGF in the exercise group compared to the control group (p=0.001).
Conclusion: VEGF levels were significantly higher in healthy groups than in diabetic groups and training increased the level of VEGF in the cardiac muscle, and possibly this increased levels of VEGF has positive effects on angiogenic processes in diabetic patients. Therefore, endurance training could be a valuable strategy to develop therapies for diabetes.

Background: Aerobic exercise increases serum levels of BDNF, Irisin, and Cathepsin B, but the effects of it in the manipulated environment have not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise in manipulated environment on serum levels of BDNF, Irisin and Cathepsin B in healthy active adolescents in Khorramabad.
Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 10 healthy active male adolescents (age: 16.60±0.52 years) voluntarily participated. The subjects underwent a one-hour running with intensity between 12-13 in Borg scale one session in an ordinary environment and one session in an enriched environment interspersed with one week in a randomized cross-over design. Five minutes before and after the training, a blood sample was taken from the subjects. Serum levels of BDNF, Irisin and Cathepsin B were measured by ELISA. To analyze the data, paired samples t-test was used. Also, the percentage of changes were compared to pre-test.
Results: The results showed that in both environments serum levels of BDNF (p=0.001, p=0.001) Irisin (p=0.002, p=0.001) and Cathepsin B (p=0.001, p=0.0005) were significantly increased. However, there was only a significant difference between Irisin (p=0.043) and Cathepsin B (p=0.046) in the two environments. Also, the percentage of changes in all variables was higher in enriched environment.
Conclusion: Moderate intensity aerobic exercise in healthy active adolescents increased serum levels of BDNF, Irisin, and Cathepsin B. But, the manipulated environment has greater impact. Therefore, it is recommended to use a manipulated environment to make the most of the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise.

Background: Various serum factors in response to aerobic exercise improve cognitive function in healthy individuals; nonetheless, the effect of moderate intensity aerobic exercise on their levels has not been studied. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effect of a moderate intensity aerobic exercise on serum levels of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Doublecortin (DCX), and D-β-hydroxybutyrate (DBHB) in triathlon male adolescents in Tuyserkan.
Materials and Methods: A total of 22 triathlon male adolescents (age: 17.60±0.52 years, weight: 60.74±4.96 kg, height: 175.60±5.52 cm) voluntarily participated in this quasi-experimental study. Subjects in one session performed 60 minutes of running with an intensity of 12-13 on the Borg scale. Blood samples were taken from the subjects 5 min before and after training. Serum levels of BDNF, DCX and DBHB were measured by ELISA. To analyze the data, paired samples t-test was used, and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. In addition, the percentage of changes was compared to pre-test.
Results: Based on the results, the serum levels of DCX (P=0.0005), BDNF (P=0.0005), and DBHB (P=0.001) increased significantly, compared to those in the pretest. Furthermore, serum levels of BDNF (21.30%), DBHB (12.95%) and DCX (12.01%) had the highest increase, as compared to the pretest, respectively.
Conclusion: All three serum factors BDNF, DCX, and DBHB have a significant positive response to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in triathlon male adolescents. Nevertheless, neurotrophin/growth factor BDNF demonstrates more changes and appears to play a greater role in neuroprotection, improving memory, learning, and cognitive function.

Background: High-intensity functional training can be well performed by the elderly; however, the effect of this training on brain-health-related factors has not been studied yet. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity functional training on serum levels of BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF in elderly men and women.
Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study included 23 subjects (7 males and 16 females) who were divided into experimental (n=16) and control groups (n=7). The experimental group performed a training protocol consisting of six exercises in three sessions (each session was 25 min) per week for eight weeks. The exercises were performed at all-out intensity for 30 sec. There was a 15-sec rest between each set and a two-min rest between each exercise. Paired samples t-test and ANCOVA were used to analyze the data, and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The results showed that the serum levels of BDNF (P=0.0005, +11.37), VEGF (P=0.0005, +7.49), IGF-1 (P=0.001, +3.91), LDL (P=0.004, -3.33), and HDL (P=0.004, +7.48) changed significantly in the experimental group. On the other hand, in the control group, serum levels of BDNF (P=0.149, +1.58), IGF-1 (P=0.486, +0.27), LDL (P=0.897, +0.14), and HDL (P=0.534, +1.10) had no significant changes; however, VEGF (P=0.01, +0.67) significantly changed. The results of ANCOVA showed a significant difference between the two groups regarding all variables (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Eight weeks of high-intensity functional training in elderly men and women increases the serum levels of brain health-related factors. Therefore, functional training is recommended to improve brain function in the elderly.

Background: Type 2 diabetes is the most common chronic disease characterized by insulin resistance and disruption of glucose membrane transport mechanisms. It has been shown that GLUT5 and AS160 proteins play a role in this mechanism. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on the levels of GLUT5, AS160, and insulin resistance in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of type 2 diabetic rats.
Materials and Methods: A total of 30 adult male laboratory mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: control (C), diabetes (D), and diabetes training (DT). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (35 ml/kg) injection and a high-fat diet. Endurance training consisted of five sessions of treadmill running each week for 8 weeks. EDL muscle extraction was done 48 hours after the last training session. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method was used to measure proteins. To analyze the data, a one-way analysis of variance was used at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: There was no significant difference between GLUT5 levels ​​in all groups (P=0.94). However, AS160 levels ​​were higher in the C group than in the other two groups (P=0.001). Moreover, AS160 levels were significantly higher ​​in the DT group than in the D group (P=0.001). There was no significant correlation between GLUT5 and AS160 (r=0.02, P=0.94).
Conclusion: Endurance training, by compensating the destructive mechanisms of diabetes, reduces hyperglycemia and overexpression of AS160 protein levels in EDL muscle; however, it does not affect GLUT5 protein levels. Therefore, it seems that endurance training plays a role in modulating the damaging effects of diabetes in skeletal muscles through mechanisms other than increasing GLUT5, such as changes in AS160.