Yafteh

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Introduction: Complications due to iodine deficiency involve millions of people throughout the world . Suitable ways to restore iodine deficiency are iodized salt and iodized oil , so that one dose of iodized oil can meet iodine deficiency for 3-5 years. The aim of this study was to assess dermatological complications of Lipiodol injection in Khorramabad. Materials and Methods : In this retrospective study dermatological effects due to injection of 0.5-1 ml Lipiodol in 116 patients who referred to Khorramabad dermatology clinic during the second half of the year 1998 , were studied .Data collecting tool was a questionnaire. Findings : From 116 patients 115 were female and one of them was male. About 78% of the skin complications have been occurred one month after the injection and more in the age group of 24-33(43.96%) . 25.8% of the cases had history of allergy to food and drug . 91.3% of the lesions belonged to injection place (hip and arm) and the rest (8.7%) was generalized . Lesions had been mostly started with itching of injecting area and then some erythema rashes and local edema have been added .In some cases edema and erythema involved the body surface completely. Conclusion: According to the present data it can be deduced that skin lesions probable mechanism is delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Thus regarding too less dermatological complications due to Lipiodol injection, this method of iodizing can still be a useful treatment in goiter hyper endemic regions provided considering special arrangements for high risk people .

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Mardani M1, Mohsen-zadeh A2, Yari-pour M3 1. Assistant professor, Department of Nutritional, Faculty of medicine, Lorestan University of medical sciences 2. Assistant professor, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of medicine, Lorestan University of medical sciences 3. PhD Student, Faculty of medicine, Lorestan University of medical sciences Abstract Background: Mothers milk is the only nourishing source in the first six months of life. If it is suitable and enough, all nutrients and reguired energe will be provided for a breast–fed to grow. Insufficient knowledge and information, wrong beliefs and traditional information about a breast – fed, working out side the home and the desire of working mothers to feed their children with powdered milk and to start the implementary feeding very early. The increasing of mothers willing to abdominal delivery and being away from the child in the first golden hours and misleading advertisements about powdered milk are all some reasons of decreasing the desire to mothers milk and increasing desire to powdered milk. Therefor, the aim of this study is to consider mothers knowledge about the importance of breast – feeding. Materials and methods: In this study, we completed questionnaires with seventeen questions to parturient mothers who came to Asali hospital in 2006 which included some variables such as benefits of breast feeding, the mother’s milk composition. The information was extracted and analyzed by SPSS software. Results: From 550 parturient mothers who came to Asali hospital in 2006, 33 mothers (6 percent) had low knowledge, 216 of them (39 percent) had medium knowledge and 301 of them (55 percent) had high knowledge. This study indicates that regardless to consider some variables, mothers knowledge has been very high and also there is a significantl relationship between mothers age and their knowledge. The average age of low – knowledge mothers was 26, the medium knowledge was 28 and the high- knowledge was 31. In other words, mothers who have more children, have more knowledge. There is significant relationship between the mother’s education and her knowledge which means the higher educated the mother was the more knowledge she had. The mothers who worked outside of home had more knowledge compared to those whom didn’t. In this research, it was shown that there isn any sinificant relationship between family income and the mothers knowledge. However there has been a reasonable relationship between mothers educations and their knowledge. More education, more knowledge about the importance of breast – feeding. Among working mothers, we can see that their knowledge is more than housewives. Mothers living in cities have more knowledge more than whom live in villages. Conclusion: According to findings, the amount of knowledge is relatively good, but still, most of them have not required knowledge about children nourishing, espetially those mothers whom are young and those whom live in villages. Therefore, we must pay more attention to mothers who live in villages.

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Abstract Background: There is further evidence of breast feeding benefits for mother and infant health. In some regions of the world the rate of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of infant’s life has been decreased. The most important factors associated with the problem are socio-economic variables such as maternal age, mother’s employment status, level of education, and infant’s birth interval from previous or next child. Materials and methods: This analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on 340 mothers and their 6-12 months old children referring to Khorramabad health centers to achieve their children primary health cares from March 21st, 2006 to March 21st, 2007. Variables such as maternal age, mother’s employment status, delivery status, mother’s education, child birth rank, infant’s gender, and infant’s birth interval from previous child were investigated. The association between the exclusive breastfeeding failure and the variables were tested by χ2, Fisher exact test, t-test, Mann-Whitney, Pearson coefficient, and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Out of the 340 samples, 151 mothers (42%) had given birth with cesarean section, 57 of the cases were employed mothers compared with the 283 unemployed ones. In addition, 185 and 155 children out of the 340 samples were boys and girls respectively, and 10 were twins. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life was 79.1% (268 cases) in comparison with the 20.9% who had failed to be exclusively breastfed. Statistically significant relationships were found between the failure of exclusive breastfeeding with mother’s employment status, maternal education, and cesarean delivery. A reduction in child’s growth was the main reason reported by the mothers for the exclusive breastfeeding failure. Conclusions: In this study, the failure of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life was 20.9%. According to the findings, at least a 6-month period of maternity leave is suggested for employed mothers. Additionally, providing appropriate places for mothers to breastfeed their infants as well as a reducing their working hours are highly recommended.

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Mardani M1, Mohsenzadeh A2, Dehestani Ardakani Gh3, Birjandi M4 1. Assistant Professor, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences 2. Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences 3. GP, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences 4. Instructor, Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences Abstract Background: Numerous studies indicate that diarrhea is more common in persons suffering from malnutrition, because malnutrition causes infection and infection leads to diarrhea which in turn it is a notorious defective cycle. Regarding the high prevalence of gastroenteritis, especially in less than 2 years old children, and relatively high prevalence of malnutrition in children in developing countries that cause impacted high expenses on government and families, because of long term hospitalization of children, this research was carried out to study relationship between nutritional status of children with gastroenteritis and their duration of hospitalization in Khorramabad Shahid Madani hospital in 2007. Materials and methods: In this cross- sectional study, 100 children under 2 years old with gastroenteritis were investigated. They were divided into groups of 50 including well nourished and mal nourished, then the duration of hospitalization in both groups was compared. Nutritional status of the children was measured by dividing their weight by their 50% of standard weight for their ages. Children with birth interval from previous child more than 2 years, birth weight over 2500 grams, mothers’ age range of 20-35 years, lack of hospitalization during the last 6 months were selected. Data were collected using questionnaire. The effect of the other likely interfering variables, with 95 percent of confidence interval, were determined. Results: A significant relation between mean time of hospitalization (in terms of day)and nutritional status of the children was observed (P<0.001) mean time of hospitalization in well nourished group was 2.58 days, however in mal nourished group it was 3.86 days. Among interfering variables, only exclusive breast feeding showed a significant effect on the duration of hospitalization (P=0.001). Most of the children suffering from gastroenteritis were between 7-12 months of age. Mean age of mal nourished children was 8.96 months, while for well nourished children it was 10.18 months. Conclusion: According to our results, malnutrition leads to a significant increase in duration of hospitalization in children suffering from gastroenteritis disease.

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Background: Considering the high morbidity and mortality of atherosclerosis and the coronary artery disease in the world, this study aimed to investigate the roles of different risk factors in the suspected patients referring to Shahid Madani angiography center in Khorramabad. Materials and Methods: The referred patients suspected to heart diseases were divided into the afflicted group, as well as the seemingly healthy group by angiography. The demographic and nutritional information of the studied groups were collected by a questionnaire, and the anti-Chlamydia pneumonia IgG and IgM antibodies, lipids, the rheumatoid factor, C-reactive protein, and anti-Streptolysin were measured in the serums of the patients. Data were analyzed using T-test and χ2. Results: 120 cases out of 380 were excluded from the study because of confounding information. Additionally, 169 and 91 cases of the remaining 260 studied ones were diagnosed as afflicted and seemingly healthy by angiography respectively. Moreover, 101 (70.6%) and 68 (58%) of the 169 patients were males and females respectively. The highest number of the patients aged between 50 to 60 years old, while the highest affliction rate was among the patients in the age range of 40 to 50 (69.8%). The highest rate of affliction with the disease was among the patients with the blood type A. One hundred percent of the referred persons were employees, as well as 75.5% of the cases were stockbreeder who suffered from the disease. There were statistically significant relationships between fruit as well as very low and high meat consumption and heart diseases in the two groups. The serology results indicated that 87.5 % of the cases with anti-Chlamydia pneumonia IgM suffered from heart diseases. Conclusion: The high frequency of the coronary artery disease in the persons that had the positive titer of anti-Chlamydia pneumonia IgM suggests a possible relation of active or recurrent infection with the disease. On the other hand, it is likely that the nutritional patterns of the studied cases also had a relationship with the coronary artery disease. Therefore, the coronary artery disease possibly had a relationship with the microbial and nutritional risk factors of the studied persons in the case group. However, further studies are definitely needed in this regard.

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Prevalence of obesity tends to increase in developing countries. Obesity as a health problem is very important because of its complications such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and some cancers. Life style influences and affects on waist circumference and hip circumference. WHR is the most common index to determine description of fat in body. The purpose of this study was to estimate association of waist to hip ratio with blood pressure among people referred to urban health clinics in Arak city. Materials and Methods: This population based cross sectional study was conducted on 340 people over 18 referred to urban health clinics in Arak city. Data were collected using a questionnaire including demographic information, and were analyzed by SPSS software and Chi square test. In addition to waist circumference, hip circumference and blood pressure were measured by standard methods. Results: 32.6% and 67.4% of the subjects were male and female respectively. 16.2% of the males and 12. 2 of the females had hypertension. Waist to hip ratio had a direct relation with hypertension. Under surface of the ROC curves were calculated for each female 0.802 and male 0.815. The best cut off WHR had been calculated for prediction of hypertension for males was 0.895 and for females was 0.835. Conclusion: Between WHR, WC and HC, WHR is the best predictive index for hypertension in population of Arak city.

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One of the necessary bases to improve the quality of education system especially in universities is continuous evaluation of education process of students in different levels of education system continually. Basic sciences medical period is a background of study achievement and precise understanding of the next levels of medical courses. The medical students by the knowledge acquired in basic sciences period can solve clinical problems. Therefore present research was done to understand factors affecting the students’ success in comprehensive test of basic medical sciences in Lorestan university of medical sciences. Materials and Methods:This descriptive analytical study was carried out on 102 medical students in Lorestan university of medical sciences including all the students who entered the university and Participated in comprehensive test from 2001 to 2004. Sampling method was census and data gathering tools were two questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, descriptive statistics, ANOVA test, T- test and linear regression. Results: The results showed that factors affecting comprehensive test of basic medical sciences were as: volume of the course, the final mark of the course, dedicated time in order to be ready for exam, importance of the course in basic sciences stage, amount of interest in the course, importance of the course in comprehensive basic test ,quality of lecture,s teaching and how to use audio visual and laboratory devices by the lectures. Conclusion: In order to improve and achieve needed changes in medical education and regarding the important role of the courses of basic sciences on the students as future physicians, taking some amendatory steps seem necessary.

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Enablement and acquiring necessary skills among medical students is a main section of medical education. Any problem in clinical education reduced efficacy and efficiency this part of education that could be due to weakness of education in medical universities. Therefore, medical universities initiated clinical skills learning centers. Materials and Methods: This study as an interventional pre-post test performed on interned medical students. Before and after educational course including cardio-pulmonary resuscitation, hemorrhage control, non-invasive ventilation, suturing, insertion of urinary and nose-gastric catheters and administration of local anesthesia, a two- Part questionnaire including demographic and emergency clinical skills was filled for each student. The data were analyzed using statistical tests. Reliability of questionnaire was conformed by some expert scientific staffs and its validity was approved through the pilot study of 20 students with correlation coefficient 0.93 of Cronbach's Alpha Results: This study showed that students after intervention of educational training, in all of the emergency clinical skills including cardio-pulmonary resuscitation, hemorrhage control, non-invasive ventilation, suturing, insertion of urinary and nose-gastric catheters and administration of local anesthesia, have gained desirable and optimal scores in comparison with pre educational training. Conclusion: Our results suggest that training of medical students in actual media for emergency skills improves medical students' knowledge and ability for management and appropriate treatment of patients in emergency centers.

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Proper nutrition is among the most important needs to provide physical and mental health and in other words,it is the essential principle of the society good health.Offering healthy eating to children, the suitable preservation and distribution of foodstuff, and the control of the different sites of the maintenance and allotment of the nutritive substances at the schools are considered to be of foremost importance.So the present study is intended to specify the extent of the control and supervision of the allotment and distribution of the foodstuff to the students and the amount of the nutritional and hygienic knowledge of the parents and educators at the primary schools in 2007. Material and Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study conducted on 5695 male and female students studying at 39 primary schools of Khorramabad (district one). In order to scrutinize the status of the supervision of supply and distribution of the nutritive substances to the students and the measurement of the amount of the nutritional and hygienic knowledge of the parents and educators, a census was carried out. It suffices to say that the parents’ samples were selected apropos the arrangement of the classificatory sampling,cluster sampling, the two-stage sampling, and finally systematic sampling.The data gathering tool was a two self-made questionnaire completed by the interviewees themselves. Subsequently, the data were described with respect to the frequency distribution tables, the x2 independence tests and SPSS,V.15 saftware. Results: It was considered that 29.7% of the primary schools possessed buffets. Besides, 40.5% of them had hygiene educators. The amount of the attentiveness of the parents and educators to the control and supervision of the nutritive substances at the buffets was 61.5%, which is considered as a relatively good estimate. In this way, it is posited that, there exists a significant relationship between the existences of buffets at the primary schools and the scope of the acquaintance of the parents and educators with the control and supervision of the supply and distribution of foodstuff. (P=0/025) Nevertheless, the extent of the hygiene experts’ supervision on the supply of nutritive substances at the buffets was 14.5%, which is conceived to be rather poor. Conclusion: This study showed that, having a suitable place to present and distribute foodstuff in schools is necessary. Due to students needs to healthy snack in school, the surveillance of teachers and health experts is more important.

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Background: Malnutrition is one of the significant factors in extending hospitalization period, augmenting disease complications, enhancing treatment and hospitalization costs, and increasing deaths in hospitals. This study was conducted to investigate patients, nutritional conditions, before and discharge time in the orthopedic ward of Shohadaye Ashayer hospital in 2010. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study 283 patients, aged 18 and over, in the orthopedic ward were selected.A previously developed questionnaire containing 15 quantitative and qualitative factors was completed for subjects in two stages (at their hospital admission and their discharge time). The patients, weight and height were also measured during these two stages. The collected data were then analyzed using SPSS software. Results: 12.7% of the patients had severe malnutrition, 7.4% had moderate malnutrition and 79.9% had mild malnutrition. The length of hospital stay was found to be an important factor in causing malnutrition. In this study significant statistical relationship was found between the length of hospital stay, sex, the recent 1-month weight loss, previous operation and the severity of malnutrition (P<0.05) But no significant relationship was found between literacy, age, economical situation, the recent 6-month weight loss, and the severity of malnutrition (P>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be claimed that there is a significant statistical relationship between the length of hospital stay and the severity of malnutrition.

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Background : Infants growth is one of the most important sources of information for the diagnosis of growth retardation and malnutrition in children. The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with reduction of height and weight of infants less than 2 years of Alashtar township of Lorestan province. Materials and Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study. The statistical population were all children under two years old referred to health centers of Aleshtar township in the first half of 2007. All data were collected using questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS statistical software. Results: From 299 infants, 77 (25.8% ) had reduction in weight curve and 24(8%) infants had reduction in height curve. There was a significant relationship between reduction of weight and following variables including place of residence, infectious diseases, the kind of used-milk, duration of breastfeeding, complementary feeding beginning time, interval of breast-fed from next birth, level of mother's education, mother's employment, father's job, using of iron-complementary and low birth weight. Also there were significant statistical relationship between reduction of height and place of residence, infectious diseases, duration of breastfeeding, the use of iron supplements and vitamin A+ D, mother,s education level, mother,s employment status, father's occupation and low birth weight. Conclusion: In this study, 25.8% of the cases had reduction in the growth curve of weight and 8% had reduction in the growth curve of hight. There was a significant relationship between reduction of height and weight graph and infectious diseases, mother education level, employment status, mother's occupation, father's job, the use of iron supplements and low birth weight.

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Background: Malnutrition is one of the significant factors in extending hospitalization period, augmenting disease complications, enhancing treatment and hospitalization costs, and increasing deaths in hospitals. This study was conducted to investigate patients, nutritional conditions, before and discharge time in the orthopedic ward of Shohadaye Ashayer hospital in 2010. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study 283 patients, aged 18 and over, in the orthopedic ward were selected.A previously developed questionnaire containing 15 quantitative and qualitative factors was completed for subjects in two stages (at their hospital admission and their discharge time). The patients, weight and height were also measured during these two stages. The collected data were then analyzed using SPSS software. Results: 12.7% of the patients had severe malnutrition, 7.4% had moderate malnutrition and 79.9% had mild malnutrition. The length of hospital stay was found to be an important factor in causing malnutrition. In this study significant statistical relationship was found between the length of hospital stay, sex, the recent 1-month weight loss, previous operation and the severity of malnutrition (P<0.05) But no significant relationship was found between literacy, age, economical situation, the recent 6-month weight loss, and the severity of malnutrition (P>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be claimed that there is a significant statistical relationship between the length of hospital stay and the severity of malnutrition.

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Background : One of the most stressful situations is final exams in college courses. Stress and exposure to stressful situations can affect blood sugar levels and weight changes. The aim of this study was to determine the stress making possibility of final exams during the first academic semester (2011-12), the effectiveness exposure of stressful conditions on weight and fasting serum glucose (FBS) two months ago, a month before and at the time of final exams among students studying in Lorestan University of Medical Sciences (LUMS) and to investigate the relationship between these two. Materials and Methods: The study included 226 students studying in the first semester of the academic year (2011-12) of Lorestan university of medical sciences sampling method was a combination of class and multistage cluster respectively. Body weight with an accuracy of 0.5 kg and FBS were measured by Glucometer. Stress was examined by Kodron's life health questionnaire. Results: Being in final exam situation can be stressor (P<0.001) while at this stressor condition weight gaining in lower groups for age were significantly higher (P=0.002). FBS changes were associated with degree (P=0.034). Average weight and FBS was higher in men (P<0.001 and P=0.037 respectively). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, differences of weight changes during the final exams of Lorestan university of medical sciences were not statistically significant, however increasing at FBS levels during the exams can be seen significantly.

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Background: Academic failure, conceived of as lack of success in one’s education, is of paramount importance for students of medical sciences and it might lead to more acute problems. The present study set out to investigate the prevalence and underlying reasons of academic failure in Lorestan University of medical sciences. 

Materials and Methods: In this cohort study, academic records of all students of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences during the academic years of 2006-2011 were collected from education and student affair center and also, demographic and educational records were entered into a checklist. Inappropriate grade point average, being a provisional student, prolonged graduation, expulsion and dropout were taken into account as academic failure. To model the related effective factors, logistic regression was adopted and significance level was set at 0.05.

Results: The cumulative incidence of academic failure was about 25.1%. Factors such as department, being self-funded or government-funded student, academic grade students are pursuing, the elapsed time between academic grades, gender and location of residence were related to academic failure (P<0.05). It is worth mentioning that no relationship was observed between the academic failure and being accepted based on quota system.

Conclusion: The most important at risk groups were students of department of medicine and health, associate or medical doctoral students, self-funded students, students with a considerable time elapsed between their academic grades, male students and students living in dormitory. It is suggested that these students refer to consulting centers of university or educational supervisors and receive particular attention.

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Background : The most important factors affecting nutritional status of infants and its improvement is mothers’ knowledge, attitude and practice regarding proper nutrition of their children. This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and behavior practice of mothers having children of 6-36 months in health centers of Khorramabad on proper feeding of their children.

Materials and Methods: In this cross- sectional descriptive-analytic study , information of 302 mothers of 6-36 months children referred to health centers in Khorramabad were collected thorough maternal health records and interview records , and data were analyzed using  SPSS 21 software, chi-square test, Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficient.

Results: Based on the findings and obtained scores by mothers, 69.9% of  the women had good knowledge,69.9% had good attitude and 64.6% had good practice on proper nutrition for their children. There was a significant relationship between mothers’ attitude and education, fathers’ education and mothers’ occupation. There was a significant relationship between fathers’ level of practice, job, number of children, and birth order. There was no significant relationship between the attention level to mass media and attitude and knowledge score, but there was a significant correlation with practice. There was no significant relationship between mothers’ knowledge and education, fathers’ education, mothers’ job, fathers’ job, income, number of children and birth order.

Conclusion: According to the results, the level of knowledge, attitude and practice in mothers is in a good level, but due to the potentional role of father in mother^,s practice, it seems that a family based educational programs in health centers, hospitals and mass media is necessary.

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