Showing 19 results for Anxiety
Gholam Hosein Ahmadzadeh , Azadeh Malekian ,
Volume 5, Issue 4 (1-2004)
Abstract
Introduction: Children of war veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are the subjects of continues indirect war-related trauma. Furthermore, identification with their fathers predisposes them to similar behavioural disturbances. So, evaluation of mental health and social development would be necessary to identify their psychological problems and plan more targeted interventions for solving these problems.
Materials & Methods: Using three self-administered questionnaires, this descriptive, cross - sectional study was carried out to compare aggression, anxiety and social development in adolescent children of war veterans and those of nonveterans (in Isfahan high schools). The two groups were matched regarding sex, academic achievement, grade of high school and family income.
Findings: After controlling the level of parental education (as a confounding variable), aggression & anxiety in adolescent children of war veterans with PTSD was significantly higher than the other group (P<0.05) but the two groups showed no significant difference in social development.
Conclusion: The higher rate of anxiety & aggression among children of war veterans with PTSD along with many other factors such as low socioeconomic status in this group, signifies the importance of mental health screening programs & appropriate interventions in this group.
Mitra Safa , Roghaye Jebraili, Marziye Momen-Nasab ,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (2-2008)
Abstract
Safa M1, Jebraili2, Momen-nasab M3 1. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences 2. Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences 3. Instructor, Department of Nursing, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences Abstract Background: Some of the skin diseases cause severe stress in patients and relieving these stresses greatly helps to treat the underlying disease. Alopecia areata is one of the common causes of alopecia which is an autoimmune disease. Other factors like genetics and psychological factors have important roles in the beginning or exacerbation of the disease. This study aimed to determine the frequency of depression and anxiety disorders in patient suffering from alopecia areata. Materials and methods: In this descriptive study, 80 patients with alopecia areata who had referred to dermatologic clinic of Shohaday-e Ashayer hospital in Khorramabad from 1382 to 1383(Hj.) were evaluated. After filling the questionnaires, the patients were referred to the Psychiatric Clinic and the cases were diagnosed by interviews using SCL-90 test and DSM-IV-IIIR scale. The analysis of data was done by the SPSS software. Results: 80 patients were selected as the subjects of the study. including 52 men (65%) and 28 women (35%). 43 patients (53.8%) were less than 25 years old and 54 (67.5%) were unmarried. 56 patients (70%) had a family history of alopecia areata and 45 (56.25%) had no history of drug intake. In most of the patients (63.8%) the site of the first lesion was the scalp. Out of 80 patients, 64 (80%) had anxiety and 60 (75%) had depression. 27 (33.3%) had major depressive disorders. These findings were statistically significant. Major depressive disorders were more in women. No correlation was found between education, marital status, family history, and the history of drug intake, and the site of first lesion. Conclusion: The frequencies of depression and anxiety disorders in patients with alopecia areata were significant and higher than the general population. In other studies, frequency of psychological disorders like depression, anxiety, phobia, mood disorders and psychotic disorders were also higher than the general population. Actually, it was not exactly clear whether the patients initially had depressive disorders or later on secondary to alopecia areata had developed these disorders. To know more on this subject more studies are required.
Mozhgan Jariani , Mandana Saki, Nahid Momeni, Farzad Ebrahimzade, Ali Seydian,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (12-2011)
Abstract
Background : Coronary and artery diseases are amongst the most common existed diseases in human societies. Thus considering too much stress that is created after myocardial infarction and the effect which anxiety can have on the treatment process of
myocardial infraction patients, This research was carried out to study the effect of applying progressive muscle relaxation of these patients.
Materials and Methods: This clinical trail study was done on sixteen patients with myocardial infarction afflicted to the disease two weeks before the beginning of the research.After selecting qualified samples , the patients were divided into two groups of intervention and control. Both groups were matched from view points of age, sex, and the amount of anxiety. In the first day, for each group the cattle anxiety questionnaire was completed and their vital signs were recorded, and then for the intervention group the progressive muscle relaxation technique was done during 3 sequential days and on the whole in 6 sessions. And again after 3days variables were measured. The gathered data were analyzed by SPSS software.
Results: In the intervention group anxiety, systolic and diastolic blood pressure had a significant decrease comparing to the control group (P<0.001),while decrease was not significant in the control group.
Conclusion: progressive muscle relaxation can reduce the amount of anxiety, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the patients with myocardial infarction hospitalized in CCU ward, therefore it can play an effective role as a supplement non-medicinal, simple and cheap treatment for these patients
Mohammad Hosein Salarifar, Hamid Reza Pouretemad,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (3-2012)
Abstract
Background : Metacognitive beliefs interact with emotional disorders and this matter can be used in educational programs and psychological interventions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and anxiety and depression.
Materials and Methods: In this correlation study, at first, 140 persons were chosen with cluster sampling method. They completed 3 questionnaires including Cartwright-Hatton and Wells metacognition questionnaire, Cattell Anxiety questionnaire and Beck depression questionnaire. Then we used multiple regression, in order to analyze 117 persons' data ( 84 males, 33 females), who had average age 31.6 with standard deviation 6.8.
Results: The results indicated that there is a positive relationship between metacognitive beliefs anxiety and depression. Metacognitive beliefs, correlation coefficient with anxiety was 0.59 and 0.67 with depression. Two metacognitive belief's components, cognitive competence and uncontrollability, can predict 40% of anxiety variance and 50% of depression variance. Moreover, belief's component about uncontrollability and belief about cognitive competence have positive relations with trait anxiety and belief's component about uncontrollability has positive relation with state anxiety.
Conclusion: The results of this study, like other previous researches, show that paying attention to metacognitive beliefs in educational programs and psychological interventions can be effective in prevention, decrease and treatment of emotional disorders.
Bahram Delfan, Sadegh Armanfar, Mostafa Armanfar,
Volume 15, Issue 3 (9-2013)
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic and anaerobic training on anxiety and cortisol hormone secretion levels in the blood of young wrestlers.
Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, of 200 wrestlers 20 volunteers (Ageed 17-20 years) who were selected on the basis of having high levels of anxiety were randomly divided into two groups of 10 each aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Tests used in this study included distance running of 2400 m for aerobic exercise group and running distance of 400 meters in three times for anaerobic exercise group.
Results: The mean anxiety scores of the aerobic group decreased immediately after the test, while mean anxiety scores of the anaerobic group increased immediately after the test (P<0.015). Immediately after a training session of anaerobic test, serum cortisol increased, while it was vice versa in the aerobic group (P<0.01).
Conclusion: Regarding the results of the research it can be said that one session of aerobic exercise was effective in decreasing anxiety of wrestlers and also a long-term continuation of these exercises reduces anxiety and the cortisol hormone level which leads to mental and emotional balance of athletes.
Sadegh Khodamoradi , Mohamad Ali Besharat , Azad Hemmati ,
Volume 15, Issue 3 (9-2013)
Abstract
Background: The defense mechanisms are responsible to protect the ((Ego)) against hardships, anxieties, and environmental and internal deficiencies. These mechanisms may be normal or abnormal while being influenced by the different constitutes of personality.
Materials and Methods: This research was done in order to study the defense mechanisms of both patients suffering from breast cancer and the nonclinical group. In this study 246 patients with breast cancer and 204 students were selected as samples. The tool of data-gathering in this study was DSQ.
Results: The finding showed that the mean of immature and neurotic defense mechanisms in the group suffering from breast cancer was significantly more than of nonclinical group. On the other hand, the mean of mature defense mechanisms in the nonclinical group was more than that of the group suffering from breast cancer.
Conclusion: This research, whether in terms of scope or issue _was the fewest studies that has examined some of the psychological factors in patients with Breast cancer. And concordant with previous theories based on interconnected components of psychological and physical ills gave this result that the Breast cancer sufferers use mechanisms that the psychodynamic theorists believe they function as a glimpse towards physical and mental abnormalities.
Ali Farhadi , Masoume Movahedi , Yazdan Movahedi ,
Volume 15, Issue 4 (1-2014)
Abstract
Background : Psychological problems such as anxiety is amongst important problems that patients with cardiovascular disease encounter with, and about 65% of the patients experience it, which results in delay to return to work, reducing quality of life and increase in risk of mortality. The aim of this research was to determine and compare the mean of anxiety in these patients, before, after and two months after intervention in both case and control groups. Materials and Methods: This research is an experimental study and consists of two groups and three stages which carried at on 40 male patients with coronary heart disease, selected randomly, as case and control. Data gathering tool was Beck anxiety inventory. The data were analyzed by covariance test and SPSS v.19 software. The Anxiety test was administered to the both groups before and after the intervention and during follow up period. Results: The results showed a significant difference between anxiety of the patients before, after, and two month after intervention. (P<0.001) Conclusion: Regarding the effect of cognitive therapy based on presence of mind on anxiety of the patients and its long effect, to make use of this method seems necessary in all levels of prevention and treatment of the patients with physical diseases.
Hosein Ebrahimi Moghaddam , Afsaneh Badrizadeh, Ali Farhadi,
Volume 15, Issue 5 (3-2014)
Abstract
Background: Anxiety disorders are among the most common disorders in children that may lead to many other disorders for them such as low self-esteem, social isolation, poor social skills and educational problems. Considering the importance of these disorders, we decided to measure the symptoms of anxiety in drawing-a-person test for children of Khorramabad city.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study 455 students in the fourth grade of primary school in Khorramabad were selected using cluster sampling and using the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) their anxiety was evaluated. Then 102 cases selected for the test (51 cases among children who had obtained a high score on indicated scale) and control group (51 cases among children who had low score on indicated scale). Drawing-a-person test executed. Finally, indicators were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), inferential statistics tests (Chi-square test and t test) and SPSS software.
Results: Significant signs (p>0.05) in test group children (anxious) were: small eyes, very bold graphic lines, parallel lines shaded and plaid, scrawl and repeated cleaning - abnormal physical state, to use black color, anxious face of dummy, small head, long legs, big feet, horizontal and inflexible arms and closed hands. Also signs of anxiety were significant based on sex in drawing-a-person test.
Conclusion: According to findings of the present research and importance of anxiety disorders recognition in childhood and its impact on life time, it is suggested to pay more attention to these signs of children's drawings. Through timely diagnosis of children with anxiety disorders, future impacts of anxiety can be prevented.
Hedayat Nazari , Ali Farhadi , Mojgan Jariayani , Reza Hosseinabadi , Sara Asgari , Majid Majidimehr ,
Volume 16, Issue 2 (9-2014)
Abstract
Background : Many physical and psychological changes occur in women during pregnancy and this period has been conceptualized as a time of vulnerability for women . The present study aimed at determining the mental health status of pregnant women .
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 280 pregnant women serviced by Khorramabad health care centers were assessed. Random sampling method was used to select the health care centers, and the women were selected by systematic sampling. The research instrument was the standard GHQ questionnaire. Then the data were analyzed by one way variance analysis and t test using the SPSS software .
Results: The findings showed that 43.6%of the pregnant women were suspected in terms of mental health. The highest frequency was found for social function (7.81) and the lowest belonged to depression (2.86).There was a significant relationship between mental health of the pregnant women with unwanted pregnancy and gender of fetus. Furthermore ,anxiety in the women in the third trimester of pregnancy was significantly higher than those in the first trimester of pregnancy (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Regarding the importance of mental health of pregnant women and its effects on fetus and newborn, integration of psychological counseling in prenatal care programs is recommended .
Hosein Zare , Kobra Moradi , Sheren Ghazi , Nooshafaren Safari , Razeh Lotfi ,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (1-2015)
Abstract
Background: As we can not process all the information, we should select the information which is of great importance for us. It seems that patients with anxiety disorders, draw selective attention to stimulants which are associated with those disorders and ignore other information. Thus, the purpose of this study is a comparison of selective attention among patients with depression, obsessive, anxiety, and normal individuals. Materials and Methods: This paired comparison study carried out on all normal individuals and patients with depression, anxiety and obsessive- compulsive referred to psychiatric clinic of Lorestan university of medical sciences in 2012. 120 patients (30 cases with depression, 30 anxiety, 30 obsessive - compulsive and 30 normal) were selected using convenience sampling method. To measure selective attention, the Stroop test (color test - word) was used. The descriptive indicators (frequency, mean, standard deviation) and inferential test of Scheffe were used for multivariate analysis. Results: The results showed that depressed individuals, response speed is slower than the other 3 groups. Also anxiety and obsessive patients compared to normal ones have slower response speed, but show faster reaction than the depressed people. As well as, the results showed that depressed individual have more erros in comparison with normal people, but no significant difference was doserved between other groups in this field. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results and regarding the importance of application of selective attention in everyday life, it is recommended put a lot of effort to increase slective attention in these patients.
Parisa Sadat Seyedmousavi , Saeed Ghanbari , Mohammad Ali Mazaheri ,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (9-2015)
Abstract
Background: With regard to the importance of attachment in developing separation anxiety, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of attachment based intervention via video feedback on decreasing negative representations and separation anxiety problems in preschool children. Materials and Method: The research method was semi experimental with pretest-posttest and follow up. For this, 21 mother-child dyads (11 dyads in experimental and 10 dyads in control group) were selected from 2 child counseling centers based on including criteria. The experimental group received 8 to 10 individual attachment based intervention sessions and the control group received the other relation based intervention for comparison of their effectiveness. The participants were assessed using maternal behavior Q-SORT, MacArthur story stems and child psychopathological symptoms inventory in pretest, post-test and 3 months interval follow up. Results: The findings revealed the effectiveness of attachment-based intervention on increasing maternal sensitivity, decreasing negative representations of child and also separation anxiety symptoms in children of experimental group. The mean scores of experimental group in comparison to witness group have significantly decreased in all variables. Conclusion: Considering this results, it seems attachment-based intervention could increas maternal sensitivity and this change with decreasing negative representation of child via recovering interactions have a positive effect on decreasing separation anxiety problems of children.
Shirin Ghazi, Saba Hasanvandi, Ezato Lah Ghadampour,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (10-2017)
Abstract
Background : The aim of this study was to predict the test anxiety and academic self-handicapping based on alexithymia in students with reading learning disorder.
Materials and Methods: This study is a correlational study. The population included all of students with reading disorder in Khorramabad city in 2015-2016. Cohen’s Proposed Method was used for determining the size of the sample,and among the students who referred to education center in Kohrramabad, based on specialist's diagnosis in this field, in sum 112 students carried criteria for participating in this study. The students completed the test anxiety, self handicapping and alexithymia questionnaires. Regression analysis was used for analyzing data. The data were analyzed by statistical SPSS software version 18.
Results: The results showed that the correlation between study variables were significant (p>0.001). Also, The results of regression analysis showed that alexithymia was able to predict ( 54/. P<0.001) the total variance of test anxiety and academic self-handicapping.
Conclusion: The results can help to counsolers and workers in the education field for effective interventions in test anxiety and academic self-handicapping.
Marzieh Farid, Changiz Rahimi, Nourollah Mohamadi,
Volume 20, Issue 2 (6-2018)
Abstract
Background : Chronic pain is a common and debilitating condition, but little effort has been made to understand, diagnose or treat it. The aim of the present study is the prediction of pain, based on personality characteristics, anxiety, and depression among patients suffering from chronic pain.
Materials and Methods: This is a correlation study. 230 patients suffering from chronic pain were selected by convenience sampling among pain clinics of Shiraz city. Patients completed a Demographic Questionnaire, a Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), a NEO Brief Questionnaire (60 questions), a Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and a Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Data was analyzed using multiple regression (stepwise regression), Pierson`s Correlation Coefficient, and SPSS18 software.
Results: The results indicated that components of anxiety were able to predict pain severity and pain interference in daily routines and from the Big Five Factors of Personality, neuroticism was positively able to predict chronic pain.
Conclusion: Mood features and personality characteristics influence pain duration and intensity.
Abolfazl Jafarzadeh Baghan, Maghsoud Peeri, Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani,
Volume 21, Issue 3 (11-2019)
Abstract
Background: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of four weeks of voluntary and compulsory exercise training in adolescence on pseudo-anxiety behaviors and its effect on the expression of fetal inflammatory factors in the cerebellum.
Materials and Methods: To conduct the experiment, 40 male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of the control (C), separated from the mother (MS), separated from the mother and voluntary exercise (MS + RW), separated from the mother and compulsory exercise (MS + TM), and isolated from the mother and Fluoxetine (MS + FLX). Except for the control group, the rats of other groups were separated from their mothers from the second to the 14th day after birth for 180 minutes. Subsequently, the subjects were kept in cages of four rats until the 28th day. Drug and treatment groups were treated with the voluntary procedure (running wheel), compulsory practice (treadmill) and drug (Fluoxetine) from the 28th day. On the 60th day, pseudo-anxiety behaviors were evaluated by EPM behavior test. The level of the gene expression of inflammatory factors in the cerebellum was also measured.
Results: Our results showed that voluntary exercise could significantly and more effectively than compulsory training eliminate anxiety-like behaviors induced by the stress of separation from the mother from the mother, and reduce the expression of the inflammatory factors’ gene in the cerebellum.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that voluntary exercise can be useful as a non-prescriptive therapeutic approach against mental and psychological disorders such as anxiety.
Zahra Soleymany Kahreh, Saeedeh Sadat Hosseini, Karim Afsharinia,
Volume 21, Issue 3 (11-2019)
Abstract
Background: Anxiety and depression are a disabling condition in patients with coronary artery disease. This disorder has been reported in 20% of patients with coronary artery disease and has a significant relationship with increased mortality and complications of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate and to compare three non-cognitive-behavioral therapies, music therapist and relaxation therapy on this common disorder.
Materials and Methods: In this research, a pseudo-experimental design was used with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the study included all patients with coronary artery disease hospitalized in Imam Ali Hospital in Kermanshah in 2017-2018. Sampling in this study was carried out in two stages. A sample of 50 eligible individuals was selected. They were then randomly assigned to three treatment groups and one control group. Each test group received a specified number of 2-hour therapeutic sessions. Data was collected by Beck anxiety and depression Inventory. Data was analyzed using manso and mancoa analysis in SPSS20 software.
Results: The results of this study showed that all three therapeutic methods have an effective effect on the level of anxiety and depression in patients, but the effect of CBT treatments on anxiety and depression in patients is more than that of relaxation therapy and music therapy after CBT, relaxation has the greatest impact on anxiety and depression, and music therapy is in third place with a slight difference.
Conclusion: The results showed that the effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on decreasing anxiety and depression in coronary artery disease patients was more than music therapy and behavioral relaxation.
Hasanali Veiskarami, Sajad Khodaei, Firoozeh Ghazanfari,
Volume 21, Issue 4 (1-2020)
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of metacognitive group therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on cognitive distortions and social anxiety syndrome.
Materials and Methods: The method of this study is a semi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test design and a 2-month follow-up. The statistical sample of this study consisted of 60 students suffering from social anxiety who volunteered to participate in the intervention. Using random sampling, 1500 students were selected based on social anxiety scales and structured clinical interviews. They were randomly divided into three groups (metacognitive group therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and control group). Subjects in the experimental group received metacognitive therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in 10 sessions. All three groups responded to the Watson & Ferind Social Anxiety Questionnaire (1969), and the cognitive distortions (Hamamci and etal, 2004) in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages. The collected data were analyzed by analysis of covariance with repeated measures.
Results: The results indicated that the metacognitive group therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy were effective on cognitive disturbances and the syndrome of social anxiety (P <0.001). The results were also kept at the follow-up stage.
Conclusion: According to the results, these interventions could be used in combination with drug therapy and other evidence-based therapies for people with social anxiety disorder as an efficient and complementary treatment.
Sajjad Basharpoor, Shirin Ahmadi,
Volume 23, Issue 0 (11-2021)
Abstract
Background: Coronavirus has affected all aspects of daily life. The aim of this study was to Structural relationship pattern design Dark Personality Traits, Optimistic Bias, and Health Beliefs to Lifestyle-Related Behavioral Changes During the Covid Pandemic 19: The Mediating Role of Health Anxiety.
Materials and Methods:The present research method is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the present study included all patients with corona heart disease who referred to Ardabil blood transfusion centers in the second half of 2020-2021 to donate plasma. a sample of 240 people were selected by convenience sampling method and answered the questionnaires of lifestyle, health anxiety, dark personality traits, optimistic bias and health beliefs. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling using SPSS25 and Lisrel8.8 software.
Results:The results showed that lifestyle-related behavioral changes were negatively correlated with dark personality traits, optimistic bias and health anxiety and positively and significantly correlated with health beliefs. Also, health anxiety has a positive relationship with dark personality traits and optimistic bias and a negative and significant relationship with health beliefs (p<0.001). Model fit indices also indicate that the model is desirable.
Conclusion: According to the research results, it is recommended to hold training workshops to promote a healthy lifestyle, control stress and anxiety among people in the community, especially at-risk groups, by health policy makers such as the Corona and the Ministry of Health.
Zohreh Khodarahmi, Nasrin Galehdar,
Volume 23, Issue 2 (5-2021)
Abstract
Background: Surgery is one of the most common methods of treating many diseases which is known as an anxious experience for patients. Treatment of anxiety is important due adverse consequences in patients undergoing surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of non-pharmacological measures on patients' anxiety before surgery.
Materials and Methods: In this study, systematic review of information from databases, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Magiran, SID, Civilica, Iranmedex, with keywords anxiety, music therapy, massage therapy, education, counseling, aromatherapy, and non-pharmacological interventions from 2000-2020.
Results: Out of 338 articles, 41 articles were selected and analyzed. These studies have introduced methods including educating and informing the patient, aromatherapy, massage therapy, listening to music and performing preoperative counseling as effective methods of non-pharmacological treatments for preoperative anxiety.
Conclusion: The findings show that the use of various non-pharmacological methods, especially massage, listening to music and aromatherapy to treat preoperative anxiety in patients is very effective and efficient and has a significant effect on reducing the anxiety of patients who are candidates for surgery. Also, the use of these methods reduces the use of sedatives and the side effects of their use.
Mohama Sadegh Armanfar, Shahnaz Shahrbanian, Somayeh Yosefvand, Mahdieh Kazemi, Somayeh Saburi,
Volume 23, Issue 4 (9-2021)
Abstract
Background: At the end of December 2019, the spread of a new infectious disease was reported in Wuhan, China, which was officially named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization. The epidemic not only causes high rates of death due to viral infections but also has led to psychological catastrophe worldwide. Uncertainty and unpredictability of this disease have created a high potential for psychological fear of disease transmission. To prevent further outbreaks of COVID-19, it may be necessary to adopt such measures as non-pharmacological interventions, quarantine, and social distancing due to vaccine shortages. However, the implementation of these health policies, despite the positive consequences, has created negative psychological effects on society. Fear of disease, fear of death, spread of false news and rumors, and reduction of social relations threaten the health of people in society. It is not yet clear that how much and to what extent this issue will affect mental health in such long-term social isolation. It is supposed that the post-COVID-19 era will be coincided with the emergence of a large number of individuals with such problems as anxiety, obsession, hypochondriasis, depression, and mental disorders. Therefore, the adoption of appropriate solutions to prevent these consequences would contribute people to be encouraged to move from a loneliness and introversion state to an active and energetic one. Regular physical activity and exercise and proper nutrition can be among the ways to prevent such mental disorders.
