Yafteh

Background :Vegetables have a high capability in absorbing and storing heavy metals and the gathering of these materials in the human body causes unpleasant effects. The aim of the present study is the evaluation of the density and pollution caused by the elements cadmium , lead, mercury, copper, and nickel in leek, potato, and tomato in some farms in Khorramabad city.
Materials and Methods: In one experimental study, after the sampling of farms and preparing samples, digestion and combination with HCL, the density of the elements cadmium , lead, mercury, copper and nickel were determined by means of atomic absorption apparatus in a graphite furnace. To statistically process  the findings, Spss software was used, and Excel software was used to present the findings. Finally, the results were compared with  WHO standards.
Results: The results show that the average density  in heavy metals in various vegetables: levels of lead in leek (0.252), in tomato (0.304), and in potato (0.155) and the cadmium levels in leek (0.147), in tomato (0.216), in potato (0.081). The levels of nickel are as the follows: leek(47,98), in tomato (34,612), in potato (32,04). The levels of copper were as follows: in leek (0.149), in tomato (0.155), and in potato (0.148)ppm. Mercury was either absent or in trace amounts in the investigated vegetables.
Conclusion: the reason for the high levels of lead  and cadmium compared with the permissible limit is probably due to too much phosphate fertilizers being used by farmers, the use of sewage slime, insecticides, fungicides, the using of too much animal residues and urban waste and also the closeness of agricultural fields to roads. 

Background: Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide and acaricide that is being phased out globally. There are significant environmental concerns of endosulfan due to its persistence and toxicity. Their alternatives include newer, less persistent, and more toxic insecticides, as well as the integrated weed management practices that are used.
Materials and Methods: In this study, with a facile method, CdTe QDs coated with ioglycolic acid (TGA) were synthesized through hydrothermal methods. And they were used as new fluorescent nanosensors for chlorine poison in biological samples. This sensor can also be used for endosulfan drug detection with excellent sample resolution, wide linear range, and low detection. Therefore, this method is a relatively practical and economical method.
Results: This type of CdTe QDs fluorescent Nano sensor is acceptable for the determination of endosulfan at the micromolar level. According to the XRD results, there was no change in the crystal structure of CdTe QDs. The fluorescence intensity increases or decreases by changing the volume of buffer and CdTe QD, pH, ionic strength and time.
Conclusion: A simple type of IFE method was studied in comparison with complex and expensive processes in the determination of endosulfan, which can be recognized as a simple, specific and immediate alternative method to solve the real problem.