Yafteh

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Introduction: Effects of high velocity bullet in Abdominal wall injuries specially the blast effect on intra abdominal organs needs mandatory explorative laparatomy to manage any major and minor injuries . Usually many explorative laparatomies are negative , but it can be reduced by advanced radiologic techniques such as ultrasonography ,CT – Scan , MRI preoperatively. In patients with negative physical examination to diagnose any intra abdominal bleeding , or gastrointestinal tract perforations , other techniques are suggestive for selective non-operative management. Materials & Methods: This is a review article study .We searched all Medline, surgery and trauma text books.we have analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the selective non-operative managements. Findings and Conclusion : Because of today affinity to conservative and non aggressive management , many surgeons try to manage the abdominal trauma by conservative management. We found satisfied results in our study , we found that if we manage these patients in a trauma center , the selective non operative management for abdominal gunshot wounds would be a safe way , reduces hospital costs , and stops the unnecessary laparatomies. We should be enough careful to approve the selective non-operative management in next clinical trials studies.

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Introduction: Studies concerning the biology and ecology of scorpions in Iran are very limited , and these studies must be begun with identification of habitats and funa of scorpions of each region in the country and completed with biological and ecological charactristics .The aim of this study was to identify and determine the funa of Lorestan scorpions. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study five regions of Khorramabad with a 25-kilometer distance from the city , were chosen for caching scorpion in the spring and summer. Totally 52 scorpions were caught from these regions . To determine their food habits, different arthropoda including Blatta orientalis (eastern coac roach) ,Blattela germanica (germany coac roach) , larva of butterfly and adult house fly were provided for them in the form of laboratory feeding . Findings : According to the results from 52 caught scorpions 29 belonged to the Buthidae family and 23 belonged to the Scorpionidae family . Population of Buthid and Scorpionidae family in Khorramabad is 56% and 44% respectively. The scorpions, nutrition in the lab was mostly house fly. Conclusion: Results shows that most of the scorpions belonged to the Buthidae family and Buthuthus Snulcyi kind which have painful stings which affect on nervous system , and are very dangerous and fatal for children and aged people , so it is important to know the treatment methods to fight against their poisons.

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Introduction: Diagnosis and localization of offending glands in hyperparathyroid patients is a subject that has always concerned surgeons. Until two decades ago this could only be achieved through complete neck exploration by the surgeon. In recent decades, with introduction of better imaging techniques such as advanced sonography and isotopic scans, remarkable progress has been made in this field. To evaluate these techniques a study was designed and performed. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study in a group of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who underwent parathyroidectomy in Imam Khomeini General hospital and Dr. Shariati General hospital, Tehran university of medical sciences, during the years 1989 to 1998. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sensitivity and accuracy of the available imaging facilities in diagnosis and localization of the offending gland(s), compared to intraoperative findings. Findings: 61 patients were studied. 11 men (18%) and 50 women (82%) 47 single adenoma (77%), 2 multiple adenoma (3%) and 12 hyperplasias (20%) were reported. 24 patients with single adenoma had MIbI scan with a sensitivity and accuracy of 70% and 100%, respectively. In all cases of multiple adenoma and hyperplasia who had MIbI scan, the results was false negative. Sensitivity of Th-Tc scan for single sadenoma was 33.3%. Sonography had a sensitivity of 71.5% for adenoma and 40% for hyperplasa with 100% accuracy for both of them. Sensitivity and accuracy of intraoperative diagnosis and localization for adenoma was 100% and 96.7%, respectively. For hyperplasia these figures were 83.3% sensitivity and 100% accuracy. Conclusion: According to the results in diagnosis and localization of offending gland(s) in primary hyperparathyroidism, intraoperative judgment of experienced surgeon has a higher sensitivity and accuracy than available imaging facilities. This is specially true for multiple adenoma and hyperplasia. Therefore, we suggest that still during surgery for hyperparathyroidism all parathyroid glands should be explored, and limited dissection directed by imaging findings should be avoided. However, with increasing experience and introduction of new technologies such as radiotracing, one may expect better results from imaging day by day.

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Introduction: Trauma is the 3rd major cause of death in urban areas, and cardiac penetrating injury is one of the most important causes of it. Vital signs, mechanism of injury and cardiac tamponad are the important prognostic factors in this patients. At about 70% of alive injured patients have not any clinical symptoms related to cardiac injury, for this reason early diagnosis according to clinical setting with proper use of diagnostic procedure influence on the patients, survival. Early thoracotomy and cardiography is the management of choice in this patients. Cases Report: This study considered five patients who were referred to Shohada hospital in Khorramabad during 8 months. All of them were evaluated in 3 stages (pre operative, intra operative and post operative) One patient (an 8- year old girl) injured with small shot accidentally and the other 4 patients were injured due to stab wound. Sites of injury include left parasternal border (3 patients) right parasternal border (1 patient) and subxyphoid area (1 patient). Sites of laceration include left ventricle (2 patients) right ventricle (2 patients) and right atrium (1 patient). Two patients showed post operative complications including Rt.B.B.B and weakness in right brachial plexus due to thoracotomy position.

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Introduction: Hypericum perforatum L was coded in medicinal plants research center of Shaheed Beheshti university and using decoction method was extracted. There are many reports concerning the antidepressant effects of Hypericum perforatum L. (HP), but there are few studies indicating its antinociceptive effects of Hypericum specially Hypericum perforatum L. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study 70 male Sprague- Dawely rats weighing 200-230g were used for all experiments. Both chronic (formalin test) and acute (tail flick test) pain models were used. In this study aqueous extract of HP extract was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) to evaluate its antinociceptive effect. Intraperitoneally (i.p.) administration of aqueous HP extract was assessed in three doses (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg). Antinociceptive effects compared with sodium salicylate (SS) as a positive control. The 50% letal dose (LD50) of the extract was about 6000 mg/kg. Findings: Results of the experiments show that administration of 300 mg/kg of SS i.p. had no effect on tail-flick latency, while all doses of HP extract increased it. In both phases of formalin test, all doses of HP extract alleviated the animal’s nociception, but SS 300 mg/kg produced antinociception only in the second phase of formalin test. Conclusion: It seems that HP extract effects on both acute and chronic pain. Its peripheral and central mechanisms of action remain to be elucidated.

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Introduction: Women with poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) have a much higher incidence of early pregnancy complications, these include spontaneous miscarriages, early growth delay, and congenital malformations. Most of the investigations have been devoted to the early post implantation and organogenesis period of pregnancy. In this research we studied the hyperglycemia or metabolic insult on the quality and quantity index of rat pre implantation embryo. Materials & Methods: The rats were divided to test group (n=60) and to control group (n=60). The test group was made hyperglycemic by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg) for to three days. They keep with male rats in one cage. Mating was confirmed by the present of a vaginal plug as first day of pregnancy. Embryos were harvested by cervical dislocation and the uterine horns were flushed by M2 media on second, third, and fourth day after plug observation. The cleavage rate and the number of embryos were comparing by ANOVA and the qualities of embryos were comparing by chi-square in both groups. Results: The cleavage rate in diabetic groups decreased (P<0.001) as 63% in compare to 94.8% of embryos reach to 2 cell stage on the second day of pregnancy and 38.1% in compare to 52.2% of embryo on thethird day have reach to 4 cell stage and 8.5% in compare to 78.2% of embryo on the pourth have reached to morula in normal and diabetic groups respectively. The number of embryos with best quality increased (P<0.0001) from 95.5% to 74.5% on second day and from 94.1% to 47.5% on third day three and from 88.9% to 8.5% on fourth day in normal group in compare to diabetic group respectively. Conclusion: IDDM in rat pregnancy mothers will causes significantly abnormality in quality of embryo as fragmentation and decrease in the number of embryo in compare to normal groups on the second day, third day, and fourth day of preimplantation period.

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Background: Hemiscorpius lepturus is one of the dangerous scorpions in the world and also in Iran. This kind of scorpion in southern provinces, especially in Khoozestan, has been responsible for stinging a lot of people that resulted in long-standing and dangerous side effects and sometimes mortality. As the study of the effects of this scorpion venom on some laboratory animals can determine the action mechanism and help us to cure people stung by scorpion. So this study has been done on the effects of Hemiscorpius lepturus venom on pathologic change of Rat organs. Materials and methods: An experimental study has been done on 101 Rats of the same race with approximate age of 2-3 months, and 200-250gr weight. They were divided to groups, control and experimental. 0.1CC physiology serum was injected to everyone of the control group skin and 0.1CC physiology serum with one microlitre of fresh Hemiscorpius lepturus venom to everyone of experimental group. Then the local changes or ulcers, before and after injection, have been analyzed by statistical test of Fisher exact test. The tissues of liver, kidney and spleen were removed in autopsy and they were studied and compared by microscope to determine their pathologic changes. Results: The results of study have shown that the injection of Hemiscorpius lepturus veniom into rat skins caused the ulcers in 55% of them, 70.6% pathologic changes were occurred in liver, 35.3% in kidney and 27% in spleen. The pathologic changes in these organs, inclusing haemorrage, congestion, necrosis were from were from severe to mild. Conclusion: The heiscorpius lepturus venom has some effects on skin injury or ulcer and pathologic changes in liver, kidney and spleen of rats. The study of skin injuries and pathologic changes in different organs on human cases in Biopsy and Autopsy can lead to diagnosis of the effect of this venom on human being and consequently suitable cure for the injured.

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Background: Diabetic nephropathy is one of the cause of the end stage of renal disease (ESRD). Hyperglicemia activate intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin system and highly AngiotensinII is produced locally in glomeruli. In this research AT1(Angiotensin type 1) receptors blocked by Losartan and effects of this drug in inhibition of renal structural lesions were assessed quantitatively. Materials & methods: 24 male rats (2 month ages) were uninephrectomised from left flank and then randomly divided in 3 groups (8 per group), then Diabetes were induced in second and third groups by injection of alloxan tetrahydrate (120 mg/kg) subcutaneously. Five days after diabetes induction third group received losartan (5 mg/kg/day) orally for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks kidneys from all groups were sampled, fixed and each kidney sliced in 1 mm thickness (systematic random sampling) for stereological study. After tissue processing section pairs were made with 5 micron thickness from each slice and stained by PAS method. Kidney volume, glomerular volume and glomerular number estimated by cavalieri and physical disector methods. Results: Significancy test between means variables in groups were analyzed with Mann Withney statistical test in P<0.05 by SPSS12 software. For three variables (kidney volume,glomerular volume and glomerular number) losartan treated group showed significant difference to in comparison nontreated diabetic group. Conclusion: Chronic low dose usage of losartan in uninephrectomized diabetic rats can prevent kidney volume increasing (84%), inhibit increase glomerular volume (67%) and prevent glomerular number decreasing (68%) significantly. Combined drug therapy is recommended for better results.

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Background: Intravenous thrombolytic therapy is still the most common treatment for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in our country. In recent years, some cases of suboptimal results of the treatment with a special trademark (Heberkinase) have been reported. So, we decided to evaluate the patency rate of arteries involved in infarction after treatment with Heberkinase. Materials and Methods: A total number of 110 patients admitted with AMI who received Heberkinase during the first 12 hours from beginning of symptoms and undergone Selective Coronary Angiography (SCA) during the first 20 days were enrolled in the study. TIMI flow of grade 2 or 3 and stenosis of less than 95% in the infarct-related arteries were considered as patent arteries. The findings were compared with Ejection Fraction (EF), risk factors and demographic data of the patients and also were compared with the results of previous studies. Findings: 49% of patients received Heberkinase in the first two hours, 39% between 2 -6 hours and 19% between 6 and 12 hours after beginning of symptoms. SCA was performed in 73 patients in the first 10 days and in 37 patients between days 11 to 20 (mean =8.4±4.6 days). Mean patency rate of infarct-related artery was 55%. Patency rate had no correlation with location of AMI and the infarct-related artery.EF was significantly higher in patients with patent arteries (47% versus 42%, p=0.03). Conclusion: The patency rate in our patients was about 15% less than the results reported by other investigators. The patency rate with Heberkinase was similar to the spontaneous patency rates reported in pre-thrombolytic era studies.

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Background: Moraxella catarrhalis is Gram negative diplococci which is a member of Neisseriacae. It was considered as a harmless commensal of the upper respiratory tract. Since 1990 its pathogenecity was established and known as a common cause of respiratory infection, particularly otitis media, sinusitis and lower respiratory tract. The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Moraxella catarrhalis infection. Materials and Methods: This study performed prospectively on 123 patients with lower respiratory infection, 42 patients with otitis media and 35 patients with sinusitis. Samples (sputum, middle ear fluid, and aspirate from sinuses) were cultured on microbiologic media. Moraxella catarrhalis was isolated from some of these samples and its identity was approved by catalase, superoxole, nitrate reduction, DNase, antibiogramm (disk diffusion) and nitrocefin test for β-lactamase. Findings: the bacterium was isolated from 17 cases (11 lower respiratory infection, 4 otitis media, 2 sinusitis).‏‏ There was no any relation between smoking and sex with the infection of Moraxella catarrhalis, but age (more than 50) and underlying diseases especially COPD was the risk factor for infection of Moraxella catarrhalis. Isolated bacteria were sensitive to ciprofloxacine, cefixime, and erythromycin and resistant to penecilline, amoxycilline, Co-trimoxazole, and vancomycine. Among the penecilline resistant bacteria, 93 percent produced β-lactamase. Conclusion: Moraxella catarrhalis is an important pathogen in respiratory tract especially elderly with underlying COPD. In addition, Moraxella catarrhalis may be the single cause of sinusitis and otitis media. The very high incidence of antimicrobial resistat strain in our area emphasizes the need for more epidemiological studies.

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Background: Cancer is a complex disease with high rate of mortality. At present, Radiation therapy is one of the most common procedures to overcome this situation. The deficiency of conventional method is the lack of fatal dose transmission into the malignant tissue. Hence, uncertain dose may cause regeneration of cancer cells, and relapse of the disease and invasion of the cancer cells to the other organs. Photo–electron therapy is a new cancer therapeutic approach which is based on the delivering of necrotic dose into the tumor however, no damage is applied on normal surrounding tissue. The aim of this study was to sketch out in vitro human cancer cells' survival curve, either by the use of photo-electron therapy or conventional radiotherapy and compare the efficacy of the two methods regarding their treatment benefit rate. Materials and Methods: The method of investigation was descriptive. The measurement was based on sketching out survival curve of cancer cells affected by either photo-electron therapy or conventional radiation therapy methods. Six groups of various human cancer cells were selected. Each specimen was studied by dividing it into four groups. Meanwhile, for any specific kind of cancer cells, the experiment was repeated ten times using various amount of incident beam energy, and the average of all ten repeats was used for sketching out the survival curves. The groups were as follows: Group (1) – Certain range of X-Ray energy, from a minimum up to a maximum of 400 centi Gy was applied to cancer cells via a photo-electron therapy method in ten separate time period. Group (2) –The same range of X-ray energy was applied to cancer cells by conventional method. Group (3) – Effective substance (means specific drug for photo-electron therapy) only. Group (4)– Control group. Finding: Less than 1% of Group 1 cells (Photo-Electron therapy treatment) were survived. 78% of Group 2 cells (conventional radiotherapy treatment) were survived which was almost equivalent to control group. In group 3 (unexposed cells) about 78% of the cells were survived. In group 4 (control group) about 78% of cells were survived. Conclusion: The effective substance is actually a drug which has specifically been used for photo-electron therapy. Exposing X-Ray beam energy was 250 kVp, hence, the cells were irradiated by 400 Centi Gy which is relatively low in present radiotherapy.

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Background: Diabetic nephropathy is one of the causes of end stage renal diseases (ESRD). Increase of IGF-1(insulin like growth factor) and GH (growth hormone) in diabetes induce kidney lesions especially Intraglomerular mesangial expansion, glomerular sclerosis and finally nephron dysfunction. In this research, IGF-1 and GH production inhibition by octreotide and sclerosis inhibition assessed quantitatively. Materials and methods: 21 male rats (2-month ages) were uninephrectomized from left flank and then randomly divided in 3 groups (7 per group). Diabetes was induced in second and third groups by injection of alloxan tetrahydrate (120 mg/kg) subcutaneously. Five days after diabetes induction, third group received octreotide (10 μg/day) subcutaneously for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, kidneys from all groups were removed, fixed and sliced in 1 mm thickness for stereological study. After tissue processing, sections with 5 micron thickness were prepared from each slice and stained by PAS method. Cortex volume, glomerular volume and glomerular mesangium volume were estimated by Cavalieri and point counting methods. Mean difference of variables was analyzed by Mann-Whitney statistical test at P<0.05 level using SPSS V.12.0. Results: Chronic low dose usage of octreotide in diabetic rats can prevent increase of cortex volume (67%) and glomerular mesangial expansion (53%) significantly. This treatment inhibits increase of glomerular volume by 26% which is not significant. Conclusion: Inhibition of cortex volume and mesangial expansion in octreotide treated group showed significant effects in comparison to the non-treated diabetic group. But this treatment has no significant effect on glomerular hypertrophy in diabetic rats.

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Background: Although consumption of three or less than three meals per day (gorging regimen) is usual in some communities, in western population there is an inclination towards many small meals a day (nibbling regimen). Up to now the effects of meal frequency on serum immunoglobulins have not been investigated in laboratory animals. There is also some controversy information about the effect of meal frequency on serum insulin in human and animal studies. The aim of present study was to investigate, the effects of meal frequency on immunoglobulin profile in rat. The effect of meal frequency on serum insulin was also surveyed. Material and methods: In this experimental study, thirty female Wister rats aged 11 weeks (210 ±15 g), after 10 days of acclimation period, were weighed and randomly assigned into two equal groups. They were fed the same food as eight meals at 2-hours intervals starting from 6 p.m. (nibbling group) or as two meals at 9 p.m. and 6 a.m. (gorging group) for 60 days. Blood samples were taken before and after intervention. ELLISA method was used to measure insulin and immunoglobulins in serum. All values were expressed as Mean±SD using Student’s t-test based comparisons. The research project was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Results: Diet regimens caused a non-significant reduction (P>0.05) in the serum insulin and IgA levels after sixty days of intervention. Although serum insulin level in the two regimens was non-significantly decreased, but the percentage of decrease in nibbling regimen was more than gorging one (-5.3% vs. –2.3%). Serum IgM and IgG levels in the two regimens were significantly increased (P<0.05), but there was no-significant difference (P>0.05) between the two regimens before and after the intervention. Although, in both groups, serum IgM and IgG levels were significantly increased, but the percentage of increase was more in nibbling regimen than gorging one (56% vs. 38% and 37% vs. 28.7% for IgM & IgG respectively). The food and water intakes were non-significantly (P>0.05) lowered in the gorging group compared with the nibbling one. Conclusion: Although there is not a significant difference between the nibbling and gorging dietary regimens regarding the serum IgM , IgG, IgA and insulin but, nibbling regimen affects serum insulin, IgM and IgG more than gorging one in rat. More research on human and animal subjects is advised.

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Background: Leukocyte infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) in diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) have been implicated in subsequent disease pathogenesis and progression. It suggested that vitamin D3 (active form of vitamin D) ameliorates the symptoms of EAE when administered after the onset of clinical sings. The aim of this study was to understand the efficacy of vitamin D3 against EAE, we examined the effect of vitamin D3 on the leukocyte infiltration into the brain of male C57BL/6 mice with MOG35-55- induced EAE. Material and methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into two therapeutic groups (n=8 per group) with age and weight-matched as follow: Vitamin D3-treated EAE mice (5μg/kg/every two days of vitamin D3 given i.p.) from day -3 until day +19 after disease induction. Non-treated EAE mice (EAE control) received vehicle alone with same schedule. In addition, 5 age and weight-matched male C57BL/6 mice served as normal (non-EAE) controls. Results: Vitamin D3-treated mice had significantly less clinical score of EAE (3.2±0.8) than non-treated mice (5.3±0.44), (p<0.001). Also, there was a significant difference between vitamin D3-trated and non treated mice (p<0.01) in relation to the number of the infiltrating cells in the brain. Conclusion: These results indicate that vitamin D3 treatment reduces infiltration of leukocytes into the brain of EAE mice, and ameliorate the disease. Thus, vitamin D3 treatment may be of therapeutic value against inflammatory disease processes associated with infiltration of activated mononuclear cells into the tissue.

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Background: Evidences show that parental morphine addiction impairs CNS development, learning and memory in offsprings. Since long term potentiation (LTP) is a cellular mechanism of learning and memory, in this study the effect of parental morphine addiction on LTP induction in dentate gyrus by high frequency stimulation of perforant path was assessed. Materials and methods: In this experimental study 40 female and 16 male rats (120-140 days old) were addicted by oral administration (32mg/kg, twice daily) of morphine for 5 days. Then male rats were placed with female in 5 groups: 1-test 1 group: addicted female rats (n=20) with non addicted male rats (n=8). 2- test 2 group: non addicted female rats (n=20) with addicted male rats (n=8). 3-test 3 group: addicted female rats (n=20) with addicted male rats (n=8). 4-sham control 1: female received dextrose 5% (n=20) with non addicted male rats (n=8). 5- sham control 2: male received dextrose 5% (n=8) with non addicted female rats (n=20. In pubert offsprings, LTP were induced in dentate gyrus by high frequency stimulation (HFS) of perforant path. The magnitude of potentiation was evaluated as percentage change in population spike (PS) amplitude or excitatory post synaptic potential slope (EPSP) at 5, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after HFS. All values were taken as the mean ±SE. Data were analyzed by two way ANOVA. Results: Amplitude of population spike (PS) and slope of excitatory post synaptic potential(EPSP) 60 and 120 minutes after HFS in offsprings of test 1 and test 2 was less than sham controls (p<0.01). There were no difference between test 1 and test 2 and male and female rat offsprings in PS amplitude and EPSP slope. Conclusion: The results suggest that parental morphine addiction may cause learning deficiency through reduction of LTP in dentate gyrus. So, the side effects of parental morphine addiction in offsprings must be considered.

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Changavi F¹, janani F¹, Asti P¹, Akbari S²

1. Instructor, Department of midwifery, Faculty of nursing and midwifery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences

2. Instructor, Department of gynecology, Faculty of medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences

Abstract

Background: IUD is a useful and effective tool for family planning. Different kinds of this equipment are available at the market, but currently the most commonly used one in our country is CU T380A. Previous studies have shown that CU safe 300 is more effective and associated with less complications than CU t380A, thus it is more acceptable by users. The aim of this study was to determine and compare failure rate of CU T380A and CU safe 300 IUDS, four years after insertion.

Materials and methods: The present research is a cohort study carried out on 246 women who referred to health clinics of Khorramabad four years ago. These women divided into two equal groups. One group used CU T380A and the other group used CU safe 300. The rate of unwanted delayed complications such as spontaneous bleeding, pregnancy and spontaneous repelling of the IUDs were assessed by a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Chi square and paired T test.

Results: Failure rate of CU T380A was more than CU safe 300. Statistical tests showed significant differences between these two groups.

Conclusion: This study shows that new IUD (CU safe 300 ) which are smaller in size have less Failure rate and more acceptable by women, so their use is suggested in health clinics.

Key words:

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Sadri B1, Nadri S2, Poosti B3, Mahmoudvand H4 1. Assistant professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of medicine, Iran University of medical sciences 2. Assistant professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of medicine, Lorestan University of medical sciences 3. 1. Assistant professor, Department of ENT, Faculty of medicine, Iran University of medical sciences 4. General practitioner, Lorestan University of medical sciences Abstract Background: Intraoperative bleeding accounts one of the most disturbing complications during various surgeries including vertebral column surgery, head and neck surgery, plastic surgery especially rhinoplasty. To decline this problem, some techniques and drugs are used. We examined the effect of clonidine given as an oral preanesthetic medication in producing a bloodless surgical field in patients undergoing rhinoplasty. Materials and methods: A prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial was performed in 40 patients scheduled for elective rhinoplasty under general anesthesia. Patients had been divided randomly in two groups. 20 patients received only diazepam 0.1 mg/kg and 20 patients received both diazepam 0.1 mg/kg and clonidine 3 µg/kg orally 90 minute prior to arrival at the operating room. Method of anesthesia were simillar in two groups. Intraoperative bleeding was assessed on a four-scale from 1=no bleeding to 4= abundant bleeding and also amount of blood in suction and number of gauze that total bloody. These data were recorded in data collecting sheets. Results: There were no significant statistical difference in sex and means of age between two groups (p<0.05). Mean age was 24.9±6 years. The mean of gauze number in group that recieved clonidine was 1.9±0.9 and in other group 3.6±1.1. The mean blood volume in suction was 65± 28cc and 125±30cc (clonidine recieved and other group, respectively). Statistical analysis using independent sample T-test shows significant difference between two groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: Premedication with oral clonidine 3 µg/kg reduce bleeding in rhinoplasty and improve surgeon’s satisfaction.

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Khaksarian M¹, Meshkatosadat MH², Farzi R³, Safarpour F³

1. Instructor, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences

2. Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic sciences, Lorestan University

3. M.Sc of Physiology, Staff member of Neurology Sciences Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences

Abstract

Background: In previous studies, antinociceptive activity of Allium Jesdianum (AJ) has been evaluated using Formalin and Tail Flick tests. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study and analyze substances in extract and probable role of the opioidergic system.

Materials and methods: AJ was collected from Lorestan province and was coded in Agriculture College of Lorestan University, and by the use of rotary device, it was extracted. The sample of the study was a group of 120 male Sprague-Dawely rats weighing 180-220gr. and 50 other mice. AJ extract was administrated intra-peritoneally for the evaluation of its antinociceptive effects. Pain models selected were Tail Flick and Hot Plate. For the evaluation of the probable role of opioidergic Naloxone an opioidergic antagonist was used in two pain models. Sensory motor performance was evaluated using Rotarod apparatus. Substances of extract using GC/Mass apparatus were analyzed.

Results: Results of experiments showed that AJ administration increased Tail Flick and Hot Plate latencies. Naloxone pre-treatment inhibited antinociceptive effects of AJ in both pain models. Sensory motor performance was not seen. IN extract analysis Morphin Cylerit, Ethyl cinamate, Isocoinoline, Neomantol and long chain alcohol were founded.

Conclusion: In general, the experiments showed that AJ extract has antinociceptive effects that is opposite to Naloxone, and extract analysis proposed that Morphine Cylerit or Etyi Cinamate is suitable for this role.

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Akbari S¹, Rashidi N², Changavi F³, Janani F³, Tarrahi MJ⁴

1. Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran

2. GP, Khorramabad, Iran

3. Instructor, Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran

4. Instructor, Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran

Abstract

Background: Due to the objectives of the World Health Organization and ministry of health concerning decreasing the rate of cesarean section, elective cesarean substitutes have to be investigated. Consequently, this study tried to evaluate the effect of water birth as a vaginal delivery method without the physician intervention on decreasing the pain level and the labor duration.

Materials and methods: This clinical trial study was carried out on 100 G1 and G2 pregnant women of 38 to 42-week pregnancy referring to Assalian Clinic. The samples were divided into two 50-member groups undergoing either water birth or land birth. The labor duration, as well as the pain level were evaluated and analyzed statistically using Chi-Square, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Mann-Whitney test, and the p<0.05 criterion was considered to be significant.

Results: We found that the average duration of the active phase of pregnancy for water birth was 3.1±0.8 hours compared to the same duration in the opposite group which was 4.7±0.8 hours showing a statistically significant decrease (p<0.05). Moreover, the duration of the second stage of water birth group was 0.53±0.22 hours in comparison with 0.88 ± 0.43 hours for the second group. Based on the p<0.05 criterion, the duration of the second stage of labor significantly decreased for water birth. The pain levels were determined in both groups using Visual Analog Score, which are: 3.53 ± 0.79 and 6.96 ± 1.7 for water birth and land birth respectively based on the criterion, and the decrease in the pain level was considered to be significant for water birth.

Conclusion: Results of the study suggested that the water birth may have been a non-pharmaceutical and non-invasive substitute for the selected cesarean cases due to the shorter labor, the lower pain level, and the lowered physician intervention.

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Background: The effect of the wild SKEO on activities and genes expression of hepatic glucokinase (GK), glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in normal and diabetic rats was evaluated. Materials and Methods: The wild SKEO was orally administered at dose (100 mg/kg per day) to normal, as well as diabetic rats for 21 days. The levels of mRNA were determined using the quantitative real- time RT-PCR technique. Results: The plasma glucose concentrations of diabetic rats receiving the wild SKEO compared with diabetic control were significantly decreased. Hepatic GK and GP activities and their mRNA levels of diabetic rats treated with the wild SKEO moderately increased compared with diabetic control.. The activity of hepatic PEPCK and its mRNA levels were significantly decreased in normal rats treated the wild SKEO . The enhancement of PEPCK activity and its mRNA levels of diabetic treated rats with was significantly decreased compared with diabetic control (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our results indicate that a moderate enhancement of GP and GK as well as an excessive inhibition of PEPCK in liver of STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with the wild SKEO may contribute to the plasma glucose lowering action of SKEO that seems to be in relation with antioxidant properties of SKEO.