Yafteh

Background: Today cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in the known world. This study aimed to compare the lifestyle, quality of life, psychological resilience among healthy individuals and patients with cardiovascular disease.
Materials and Methods: The method of present study is causal-comparative. The study population consists of all patients with cardiovascular diseases in Madani Hospital of  Khorramabad. The 196 patients with heart disease- Coronary were selected by available sampling and they were compared with 196 matched healthy subjects. Tools for measuring the research variables were life style test (Lali et al., 1391), quality of life (WHO, 1996) and psychological resilience (Connor, 2003). Data were analyzed by U-Mann Whitney test with the level of %95.  
Results: There was a significant difference in life styles and its indicators between patients with cardio- vascular and healthy volunteer. Also, there was a significant difference between quality of life, general health, physical health, psychological dimension, the realm of the living environment in the heart patients and healthy subjects. There was a significant difference in psychological resilience among cardiac patients and healthy individuals.
Conclusion: Since that cardiovascular disease showed lower scores than the healthy subjects in the indicators of resilience, lifestyle and quality of life gained, it seems that likely resilience, lifestyle and special quality of life keep symptoms at the time of treatment and it can be considered on treatment.   

Background: Physical activity and sport act as a non-drug treatment and prevention of non-contagious diseases. Accordingly, one of the most widely used tools is endurance training. The aim of this study was to survey the pre-treatment effects of continuous and intermittent endurance training on the gene expression of osteopontin in the heart tissue of male wistar rats following the induction of myocardial infarction.
Materials and Methods: In the present study, 32 rats were kept under standard conditions and divided into four groups (healthy control group, ischemic control group, continuous training group and intermittent training group). The healthy control group did not undergo myocardial infarction, while the ischemic control group underwent induced myocardial infarction after eight weeks. The training groups also did endurance training on treadmills for eight weeks and were subjected to induced myocardial infarction after 48 hours of rest. One week after confirmed occurrence of ischemia, the rats’ hearts were isolated and qRT-PCR was used to measure OPN gene expression.
Results: The results of this research showed that OPN gene expression in the heart tissue of male wistar rats increased significantly after the induction of myocardial infarction compared to the healthy control group (p<0/05). Also, the relative expression of this gene in the ischemia control group was significantly higher than both the two training groups (p<0/05). Comparing the two types of training, the relative level of OPN expression in the group that underwent continuous training was lower (p<0/05).
Conclusion: Cardiac infarction leads to an increase in cardiovascular risk factors and cardiac fibrosis. Endurance training, especially regular continuous training, can moderate the increase in these factors.

Background: N-terminal proBNP (NTproBNP) is widely used as a diagnostic biomarker and for the risk stratification of patients with heart failure (HF). Its role in the evaluation of patients with hypertension is not completely clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise on NT-pro BNP in women with hypertension.
Materials and Methods: Thirty-five middle-aged women with hypertension were randomly divided into two groups of the aerobic training and the control. The aerobic exercise group completed 12 weeks of exercise, 3 sessions per weak, with 35-60% of the maximum heart rate. Serum NT-proBNP marker was determined by Elecsys method, and 5 ml of blood was collected from brachial veins.
Results: The results demonstrated that 12 weeks of aerobic training had a positive and significant effect on NT-pro BNP concentration in patients with hypertension (p <0.05)
Conclusion: Overall, it seems that 12 weeks of aerobic exercise has been beneficial in patients with hypertension, and has improved myocardial function. However, this issue requires further research.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare hormonal and metabolic responses to three types of resistance exercise trainings in non-athlete young men.
Materials and Methods: 40 subjects with the mean age of 22.56 ± 1.50 and the BMI of 23.75 ± 55.5 kg/m2 were randomly divided into four equal groups: (a) low intensity resistance training (20% one repetition maximum) with continuity of blood flow restriction (BFR), (b) low intensity resistance training (20% one repetition maximum) with intermittent BFR, (c) traditional resistance training (80% repetition maximum) with no BFR, and (d) the control group. Subjects performed the barbell curl 4 times until exhaustion and with a 1-minute rest between the sets. Blood sampling was performed before and one hour after the exercise session. Dependent T-Test (intra-group comparison) and One-Way Anova (inter-groups comparison) were used to analyze the data (P≤0.05).
Results: The levels of growth hormone and lactate in all three three experimental groups showed a significant increase compared to the baseline (P≤0.001), while insulin-like growth factor was not increased significantly in any of the groups. Inter-group results showed that after a training session, the levels of growth hormone and lactate were not changed significantly between the three experimental groups.
Conclusion: It seems that low-intensity resistance exercise trainings and continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction are effective in terms of hormonal and metabolic changes similar to traditional resistance exercise trainings

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise intensity on the genes expression involved in physiological hypertrophy of the heart.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 24 male Wistar rats weighing 200±20 g and eight weeks' old were randomly divided into three control groups (n=8) and high intensity exercise (n = 8) and sub-maximal continuous exercise (n=8). The high intensity exercise protocol; 30 minutes of intermittent running (each exercise consisting of 4 minutes of running 90-85% VO2max and 2 minutes of active recovery with 50-60% VO2max) was administered three days a week for 8 weeks. Also, the sub group continuous exercise group (30-60 min) was activity intensity of 50-55% of maximal oxygen consumption of rats. Gene expression of the variables was measured.
Results: There was a significant difference in the rate of gene expression changes in all three variables (TGF-1, TIMP and MMP-I) between eight weeks of intense and continuous intermittent exercise compared to the control group (p<0.05). Both exercise methods led to a significant increase in the expression of TGF-ß1 and TIMP genes in the heart of male Wistar rats. But MMP-I changes in the intermittent group are not significant compared to the control group.
Conclusion: Exercise seems to improve the factors involved in the physiological hypertrophy of the heart. Therefore, the findings of the present study have been expressed with caution and more research is needed in the future.

In recent decades, exercise activity has been the key contributor in controlling many diseases. This review highlights the recent longitudinal studies and randomized clinical trials evaluating the impact of resistance training on the left ventricle structural and functional characteristics. The studies include diverse ethnic populations, including men and women, as well as several (e.g. adults, middle-aged and older adults) age groups. Databases such as PubMed, Medline, Irandoc, SID, Google Scholar, and Magiran were searched for the purpose of this review. After checking 150 abstracts, we reviewed 83 relevant articles to be discussed. Based on the results of the studies, resistance training induces structural and functional changes in the left ventricle commensurate with gene changes providing the basis for improving the efficiency of cardiac function. Therefore, the present study supports the view that resistance training, with special considerations, can be recommended to patients with chronic heart failure who suffer from cardiac events as a preventive solution.

Background &Objective: Despite the fact that public awareness about diabetes control and cardiovascular diseases has increased, but still the main cause of morbidity and mortality in the community. For the treatment and control of diabetes and heart disease can be pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods used. The purpose of this review study is to introduce several risk factors in diabetic patients that increase the chances of cardiovascular involvement.
Materials and Methods: In this review study, Pubmed, ISI and Scopus databases were used to search for articles during the years 1979 to 2020, and the keywords of blood pressure, oxidative stress, obesity, dyslipidemia, endothelial function and inflammatory factors were used.
Results: The worldwide prevalence of diabetes and the occurrence of serious and dangerous complications on the organs of the body, has made this disease a major health problem in all communities and is the main cause of cardiovascular disease. Our study showed that cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in diabetic patients. Factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease include high blood pressure, oxidative stress, obesity, dyslipidemia, endothelial function, and inflammatory factors.
Conclusion: Diabetes is a major cause of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is also the most common cause of death in diabetics.

Materials and Methods: A number of 45 patients with CABGwere assigned to three groups: control (n=12), aerobic exercise (n=15), and resistance training (n=18). Three aerobic and resistance training sessions were performed per week for eight weeks. Anthropometric variables, expression of ABCG4 gen, as well as the serum levels of Apo-A and Apo-B, were measured before and after the training period. Data were analyzed using repeated measures of ANOVA. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: Aerobic and resistance training significantly increased the expression of ABCG4 gene, compared to those in the control group (P=0.001); nonetheless, there was no significant difference between the two training groups (P= 0.021). Significant differences were observed in serum levels of Apo-A and Apo-B in both aerobic and resistance training groups, compared to those obtained in the control group (P=0.001). However, the difference between aerobic and resistance training groups was significant for Apo-A (P= 0.001), but not for Apo-B (P=1.000). Moreover, the ratio of Apo-A to Apo-B was significantly different for the resistance training group, compared to that in the control group (P= 0.001); nevertheless, it was not significant for the aerobic training group (P=1.000).
Conclusion: As evidenced by the results of this study, resistance training improves cholesterol reverse transport regulators more than aerobic training; therefore, resistance training is recommended to regulate reverse cholesterol transfer.
 

Background: Trampoline rebound is one of the recent interesting exercises. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of six weeks of trampoline rebound exercises on cardiovascular indices, body mass index, and lipid profile of obese and overweight women.
Materials and Methods: The statistical population of the present quasi-experimental study consisted of 20 obese and overweight women in Zahedan ( (BMI) ≤27.5 kg/m2), and randomly assigned to two groups of exercise (n=10) and control (n=10). The subjects participated in four 90-min sessions of rebound trampoline exercises for six weeks using a trampoline mat. Physiological, BMI, and lipid parameters were measured in two stages of pre-test and post-test. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21) using independent and dependent t-test, as well as an ANCOVA test. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The results demonstrated a significant decrease in post-test values ​​of LDL (from 92.90±1.52 to 73.10±3.81), cholesterol (from 182.10±1.96 to 166.30±6.32), triglyceride (from 108.30±1.33 to 95.30±5.35), and body mass index (29.44±1.07 to 27.38±1.02), as well as a significant increase in HDL (from 59.60±2.75 to 77.00± 3.09) and Vo2max (from 45.50±1.31 to 57.80±1.31) in posttest of the training group, compared to their pre-test (P<0.05). Furthermore, there were the same changes in these parameters in the exercise group, compared to the post-test values ​​of the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: As evidenced by the results of this study, six weeks of trampoline rebound training had beneficial effects on controlling lipid profile, cardiovascular indices, and body mass index of obese and overweight women. This training protocol is suggested to improve these indicators in the same groups with obesity and overweight, especially for the variety of exercises.

Background: Lack of energy and insulin leads the body to catabolism. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of combined training with taurine supplement consumption on some indicators of heart atrophy in diabetic rats. 
Materials and Methods: 40 male Wistar rats aged 10 weeks old and weighing between 200 and 250 grams were prepared. The animals were randomly divided into 5 groups of 8 including training (T), training and supplement (T+S), supplement (S), diabetes control (C), and healthy control (CH). The rats of the diabetic groups were considered diabetic by injecting a single dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/weight) and sugar levels higher than 250 mg/dL before the start of the exercise. The rats were anesthetized 24 hours after the last day of the training protocol (eight weeks of combined strength/endurance training) with an intraperitoneal injection of a combination of ketamine and xylazine. The Western blot laboratory method was used to check the changes, and the one-way analysis of variance was employed at significance level of 0.05.
Results: The results showed that the FOXO3a protein decreased in the T+S, group compared to the C and T groups (P>0.001). Moreover, taurine supplement, combined training, as well as combined training+taurine supplement led to a significant change in the level of MURF-1 protein expression (P>0.001).
Conclusion: It seems that the combination of taurine supplement with combined training can have effects on the indicators related to heart atrophy caused by diabetes by reducing FOXO3a. Accordingly, the consumption of taurine supplement along with exercise is recommended for diabetic people.

Background: Exercise is a therapeutic procedure for addicts; however, its physiological mechanisms are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of endurance training on the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin in the heart tissue of male rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.
Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 32 male rats randomly divided into four groups of eight: healthy control (HC), endurance training (ET), morphine control (CM), and morphine+endurance training (M.ET). Two morphine withdrawal groups were addicted to 0.4 mg/ml morphine sulfate for 21 days. The exercise groups performed eight weeks of treadmill running. At the end of the study, all rats were killed, and their heart tissue was removed. Protein levels of the indicators in this study were measured by ELISA kits. The data were analyzed by Tukey’s one-way ANOVA test.
Results: The results of this study showed a significant decrease in VEGF levels (P<0.001) and a significant increase in ES (P<0.001) in the MC, compared to the HC. In addition, the increase in VEGF levels (P=0.014) and the decrease in ES (P=0.026) in the M.ET showed a significant difference, compared to the MC.
Conclusion: Endurance training may be useful in preventing negative changes in angiogenesis and metabolic parameters related to morphine, which should be considered in the rehabilitation of addicts.

Background: Aging can lead to a decrease in cardiac function and an increase in oxidative stress in the heart, which leads to cellular aging through mitochondrial dysfunction. The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and genistein (Ge) consumption in the heart tissue of elderly rats.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 30 female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 18 to 24 months were selected and divided into five groups of six rats, including 1) HIIT, 2) Ge, 3) HIIT + Ge, 4) control, and 5) sham. During eight weeks, groups 2 and 3 received 60 mg of Ge dissolved in DMSO per kilogram of body weight daily, and group 5 received 60 mg of DMSO per kilogram of body weight per day intra-peritoneally. In addition, groups 1 and 3 ran on the treadmill three times per week. For statistical analysis of data, Shapiro-Wilk, independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post-hoc test were used.
Results: High-intensity interval training had a significant effect on increasing GPx and MDA (P<0.05), Ge led to a significant decrease in SOD (P<0.05); however, HIIT with Ge had not interactive effects on improving SOD, GPx, and MDA (P<0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that the antioxidant system is dependent on the intensity of exercise and the dose of genistein. Therefore, HIIT and Ge in this study have no interactive effect on the oxidant-antioxidant system in the heart of elderly rats.
 

Background: Due to the possible complications of a persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA), the treatment of the PDA will be necessary, depending on the opinion of the treating physician. Medical or surgical treatment can be used in this regard. In recent years, acetaminophen has been considered a medication with fewer potential side effects.  The present study aimed to compare acetaminophen with ibuprofen in the patent ductus arteriosus in neonates admitted to training hospitals in Khorramabad.
Materials and Methods: A total of 28 neonates were included in this retrospective cohort study. The required data were collected by studying the patients' files. The PDA in newborns was diagnosed by primary echocardiography by the attending physician. Thereafter, 12 and 16 cases were treated with ibuprofen and acetaminophen, respectively. After completing the treatment period on days 3 and 5, the attending physician performed echocardiography to check PDA closure. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 24) using descriptive indices of mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney U test.
Results: In this study, the frequency of affected male neonates was the same as that of affected female newborns (n=14; 50%). The mean weight scores of neonates in acetaminophen and ibuprofen groups were obtained at 2831/25±918/49 and 2241/5 ±868/9 gr, respectively. All newborns in both groups were treated; thereafter, 23 cases recovered with 3-day treatment and 5 neonates with 5-day treatment. No significant complications were observed in patients.
Conclusion: The effect of acetaminophen on PDA closure was similar to that of ibuprofen. The need for 5-day treatment was higher in the acetaminophen group; nonetheless, no significant side effects were reported in any newborn. According to this study, acetaminophen can be a good alternative to ibuprofen in the treatment of PDA.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are considered the leading cause of mortality worldwide. According to World Health Organization statistics in 2022, these diseases resulted in the deaths of nearly 19.8 million people globally. The early diagnosis and timely treatment are among the main challenges in managing these diseases. Generally, since some of the currently used biomarkers lack specificity; therefore, a stronger need for more specific markers in this area is felt. Exosomes, as one of the extracellular vesicles, are produced in almost all eukaryotic cells. These microvesicles are covered with a bilayer phospholipid membrane and carry proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, etc.
Materials and Methods: The current narrative review research included studies available in the international databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science.
Results: Various factors, including stress, cellular damage, medications, and toxins can influence the production and secretion of exosomes. Exosomes play a crucial role in intercellular communications and can serve as biological markers for diagnostic and prognostic strategies. Additionally, exosomes have therapeutic potential and act as biological carriers for targeted drug delivery to the heart.
Conclusion: Based on the findings obtained, the use of the exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases could aid in the better management of these conditions; however, its application may be clinically challenging. Moreover, the present study explores the potential of using exosomes as a novel tool in the medical field.
 

Background: The predictive role of mean platelet volume (MPV) and red cell distribution width (RDW) in cardiovascular diseases has been proven. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a sustainable and effective method for improving cardiorespiratory fitness. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of HIIT on MPV and RDW in inactive, normal-weight, and obese women.
Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental research, 24 participants were voluntarily selected from a population of inactive, healthy, obese women and healthy women of normal weight aged 30 to 45 years. They were divided into two experimental groups, each consisting of 12 participants (normal-weight and obese). Both groups were in a circuit HIIT protocol for eight weeks, three sessions per week with an intensity of 90% HRmax for related exercises. Blood sampling was taken on two occasions: once before and once after a 12-hour fasting period and again 48 hours after the last training session. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) statistical test was employed to analyze variables at a significance level of P < 0.05.
Results: The results indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between the two obese and normal weight groups in the average decreases in MPV (P=0.045), red blood cell distribution width (RDW) (P=0.001), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (P=0.045).
Conclusion: High-intensity exercise may modulate MPV and other cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as high body mass index and high body fat percentage in middle-aged women, suggesting an effective, inexpensive, and accessible non-pharmacological method for reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Background: Abnormalities of electrocardiogram and cardiac arrhythmias after stroke are very common. This study investigated the effect of IC87201, a molecule affecting the NMDA receptor intracellular signaling pathway, on reducing QT interval prolongation, as the most common electrocardiogram change after cerebral ischemia, in male rats.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 15 male adult rats were randomly divided into three groups: MCAO, MCAO+DXM (dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate, NMDA receptor antagonist), and MCAO+IC87201 (n=5 each). Two hours after ischemia, solvent, DXM, and IC87201 were injected intraperitoneally into these three groups, respectively. Pre-ischemia, four hours, and forty-eight hours post-ischemia neurological-behavioral scores were assessed using the neurological deficit score test. Statistical differences were measured using repeated measures analysis of variance (P<0.05).
Results: QT interval significantly prolonged after ischemia. Administration of IC87201 significantly reduced this interval, whereas DXM did not have such an effect. The LF/HF ratio, as an index of autonomic nervous system balance on cardiac performance, significantly increased forty-eight hours after ischemia. This imbalance improved forty-eight hours after the injection of both IC87201 and DXM.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that cerebral ischemia could lead to an increase in sympathetic activity, which in turn causes prolonged QT interval. The administration of IC87201 may be effective in improving this condition by reducing the QT interval. Therefore, IC87201 may potentially be considered a suitable option for reducing cardiac complications following stroke.