Yafteh

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Introduction: Bacterial meningitis is still one of the most dangerous infectious diseases and causes serious complications and mortalities in children. The aim of this study was to identify the most common of bacterial agents causing meningitis in children under 10 years old and to detect their resistance to antibiotics in patients who referred to the educational hospital of Hamadan. Materials and Methods: Overall 582 children suspected to meningitis were investigated for CSF cultures, frequency of age groups, sex and seasons and antibiogram patterns from 1998 to 2000. Data were gathered through a questionnaire and analyzed using Epi6 software. The species were identified by biochemical and serological methods. Antibiogram tests were also performed by Gel- diffusion method of Kirby- Bauer. Findings: Out of 582 children suspected to meningitis, 46 cases (7.9%) had positive bacterial culture that 58.9% were gram positive and 41.1% were also gram negative bacteria. The most common species were S. pneumonia 23.9%, S. aureus 13.1%, E. coli 10.9%, N. meningitis and P. aeroginosa each 6.5% respectively. The most positive cases were observed in children 0-2 age group (28.3%), male (54.4%) and during Autumn (43.7%). The results of antibiogram showed that the most effective antibiotics were ceftizoxime, kanamycin and gentamycin for both gram positive and gram negative bacteria, but they showed high resistance to amoxicilin, ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Conclusion: The present study showed that gram positive bacteria in particular, Streptococcus pneumonia and Staphilococcus aureus are predominant causes of bacterial meningitis in children under 10 years old in these regions. Most species showed high resistance to routine antibiotics such as amoxicillin, ampicillin and choramphenicol.

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Background: An assessment of the growth of Iranian children has shown that a large percentage of Iran’s children are afflicted with growth failure. Community participation is one of the principles emphasized by the World Health Organization as necessary for development of health services. The goal of this study is to evaluate the role of the presented model of mothers’ participation on mothers’ practice concerning the development and nutrition of their children. Materials and methods: A community-based field trial was conducted with 74 mothers with children less than three years of age. A model was designed to increase mothers’ participation. On the basis of this model, a group of mothers’ volunteered and were instructed in the subjects of growth monitoring and child nutrition. Then the mothers who received training instructed other beneficiaries on the basis of the model. The plan was evaluated by the CIPP evaluation model. Changes in the mothers’ knowledge and practice scores were assessed by a questionnaire before and after intervention. Results: The mean score of the mothers’ knowledge, before and after intervention, was 23 and 43 respectively, and the mean score of their practice, before and after intervention, was 47.3 and 60.2 respectively. In the two cases, the difference was meaningful at P<0.001. This plan considerably increased the individual and social capabilities sincluding self confidence, of the participants. Different effects of the project—including impact, effectiveness, sustainability and transportability—were assessed through the CIPP evaluation model, and special indices, criteria and standards were determined for each part. Conclusions: The considerable improvement in the knowledge and practice of mothers concerning the growth and nutrition of their children and the considerable increase in individual and social capabilities of the beneficiaries of the plan show the efficacy of this model. In addition, as the design of the present model is based on the cultural and social background of Iran according to its health system, the model can be used in other regions to develop other health services.

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Background: Free radicals and reactive oxygen species(ROS) are the most important factors in formation of oxidative stress reaction. Now, radical damage has been suggested to contribute to a wide variety of diseases such as Alzheimer, atherosclerosis and cancer. Transition metal ions in the presence of the various biomolecules produce these active compounds. The aim of this study is introducing a new and rapid method for measuring of ROS. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, the amount of free radical production by transition metal ions such as iron, copper and vanadium in the presence of the thiol group-containing glutathione and cysteine(as reducing agents) and molecular oxygen was measured in vitro by thiobarbitturic acid(TBA) test. For measuring free radicals levels, the suger deoxyribose was used as a detector molecule. Attack of free radicals on deoxyribose produces a number of aldehyde compounds such as malondialdehyde(MDA). Then, MDA was combined with TBA as a detector, which makes a chromogen with maximum absorption at wavelength 532nm. Also, the effects of vitamin C and E on the radical production by these metal ions were studied. Findings: Vanadium was considerably more effective than iron and copper (Pvalue<0.05) to generate free radicals. The generation of free radicals by iron and copper was depended on the presence of glutathione or cysteine in medium(for Fe-glutathione system was 0.611±0.039 and for Cu-cysteine system was 0.592±0.033). Vitamins C and E had an inhibitory effect on the radical production by three metal ions that were used (Pvalue < 0.05). Specially, vitamin C in 100 micromolar concentration had the greatest effect on free radical formation(83% Inhibition with P value < 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that reaction of transition metals with thiols in the presence of oxygen, generate ROS, and vitamin C and E inhibit free radical production.

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Background: Zinc has important effects on human health, especially on structural and functional activities of the immune system. This study was carried out to examine the in vitro cytotoxic effects of zinc on Raji cell line. Materials and Methods: The cell line was exposed to different concentrations of zinc followed by incubation (37°C, 5% CO2) at various time points (12 to 72 hrs).Viability and proliferation of Raji cells were then evaluated with florescent (10μl Ethidium-Bromide and Acridine-Orange) staining. Data analyzed by SPSS software (Dunnet and Analysis of variance tests). Findings: The Raji cells showed different responses to different amount of Zinc. Zn had no effects on cell line up to 100μM at different incubation time points when compared to the control. At higher concentrations (200-500μM), viability diminished significantly at 12 and 24hrs of incubation times when compared to the control (p<0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that Zn has dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on Raji cell line and probably it could be used for immune-modulation.

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Background: Zinc has important effects on the human health, especially on the structural and functional activities of immune system. This study was carried out to examine the in vitro cytotoxic effects of Zinc on the Raji cell line. Materials and methods: The cell line was exposed to different concentrations of Zinc followed by incubation (37◦C, 5% Co2) at various time points (12 to 72 hrs). Viability and proliferation of Raji cells were then evaluated with florescent (10µl Ethidium-Bromide and Acridine-Orange) staining. Data were analyzed by SPSS (Dunnet and Variance Analysis tests). Results: There was not a significant difference in the response of the Raji cells to different amount of zinc up to 100µM at different incubation time points. At higher concentrations (200-500µM) of Zinc, viability diminished significantly at 12, 24 and more hrs of incubation time when compared to the controls (p<0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that Zn has dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on Raji cells and probably could be used for immune-modulation.

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Background: Management of solid waste is a set of regular and coherent acts on production control, storage and collection, handling, processing and disposal of solid waste. These activities should be in accordance with best conditions of public health, economy, and protection of industries, aesthetical and other aspects of environmental and public requirements. People cooperation in solid waste management is a process that everyone is responsible for ones activity. This condition causes improvements in municipal task and culture of the city. Materials and methods: In this study, Khorramabad city was divided to 8 districts. In every district, 50 houses selected as a sampling cluster. So, 400 houses were sampled and questionnaires about conditions of collection, storage and hazards of unsanitary disposal of solid waste, and recovery of solid waste were distributed among them. Results: All houses were used waste bag for storing their solid waste. Solid waste was collected by municipality daily. But, separation of different kinds of solid wastes was not done in any houses. People had a weak knowledge on the location of waste disposal. 33 to 70 percent of people had a good knowledge about the hazards of unsanitary disposal of waste materials. 5 to 20 percent was familiar with waste material recovery term. 11-60% of people were satisfied with municipality performance regarding waste material collection. Conclusion: We figured out that a majority of Khorramabad citizens had a good attitude but a weak knowledge and performance on solid waste management. Therefore we suggest that the knowledge and performance levels of the community can be increased via adopting good educational programs by related organizations and social media.

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Div-salaar K1, Saravani R2, Shamsi-e-meimandi M3, Taei M4, Sheikholeslami A5 1. MSc. Staff member of Neurology Sciences Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences 2. Instructor, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences 3. Instructor, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Neurology Sciences Research Center, Karman University of Medical Sciences 4. Researcher, Neurology Sciences Research Center, Karman University of Medical Sciences 5. B.Sc in Environmental Hygiene, Kerman University of Medical Sciences Abstract Background: The prevalence rate of opioids consumption is high in Iran. The latest research approach related to substance abuse considers the role of plasma proteins in novel treatments of addiction. Since long-term consumption of opioids has some effects on liver function and plasma transfer systems, the present study was designed to determine the electrophoretic profile of plasma proteins in opiates-addict subjects. Materials and methods: In this cross-control study, the sample groups consisted of 42 opium consumers and 35 heroine dependents as case group and 35 non-addict volunteers as control group. The control group was matched with addicts for age and sex. Opioid consumption was confirmed by laboratory diagnostic tests on urine samples such as immunochromatography (RSA), rapidosis and complementary tests including liquid-solid column chromatography and thin layer chromatography (TLC). After blood collection and serum preparation, serum electrophoresis was performed. Data were presented as mean±SEM and analyzed by SPSS ver.11.5. The comparison of groups was done by using parametric tests and p<0.01 was considered as statistically significant. Results: There was no significant difference in the amounts of albumin, alpha-1-globulin, alpha-2-globulin and beta-globulin between groups. Gamma-globulin concentration was not significantly different between opium addicts (17.38 ± 3.61gr/L) and heroin addicts (17.48 ± 4.4gr/L), but it was significantly high (p<0.01) in both heroin and opium groups compared to the control group (13.3±1.8gr/L). Conclusion: Morphine bonding to serum albumin and other impurities in narcotic drugs may lead to the production of antigen complexes, stimulation of immune system and consequently increase in gammaglobulins concentration. Also, opioids binding to opiate receptors, directly or indirectly, can affect immune system through stimulating hypophysis-hypothalamus pathway. Although continuous consumption of opioids affects both cellular immune and hormonal systems, significant increase of gammaglobulin band can be related to the high risk behaviors associated with opioids consumption and the higher probability of infectious diseases in addicts due to poor health status.

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Pirialam R1, Shams khorramabadi Gh2, Shahmansouri MR3, Farzadkiya M4 1. MSc in Environmental Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran 2. Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran 3. Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 4. Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abstract Background: According to the standard, drinking water must not be corrosive. Corrosive water solve primery materials of pipes, joints and valves in municipal water distribution systems and home plumbing systems and cause a lot of health, aesthetic and economic problems in water distribution systems. Thus, determination of corrosion potential of drinking water using methods which are feasible and reliable is necessary, and corrosion should be controlled in drinking water for water sanitation and health promotion among citizens. Materials and Methods: This research was carried out to determine water corrosivity or sedimentation potential in Khorramabad city, using corrosion indices. In this project 50 points as samples in two stages in the Summer and Autumn seasons were determined, and amount of corrosion indices, including Langelier Indice, Ryzener indice, Aggressive indice and Pokurious indice, corrosivity and temperature, calcium hardness, alkalinity, total dissolved solid and PH were calculated two times within a 3-month interval, then the data obtained from results were analyzed using SPSS software and statistical tests. Results: Results of corrosion indices show that drinking water of Khorramabad is in equilibrium condition and has tendency to corrosion. Calculated corrosion indices are as fllows: Langelier (-0.157), Ryzener (7.86), Aggressive (11.626), and Pokurious indice (7.65). Conclusion: Statistical tests of Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient don indicate significant relationship between quality parameters with corrosion indices Results of corrosion indices showed that drinking water of Khorramabad is inclined to corrosion.

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Background: Pathogene transmission by ice, which has been attended for many years, is as important as its transmission by water. Ice infection is caused by using water distribution and translocation methods. The aim of this study is to evaluate microbial infections (Choliform variants) in ice making procedure at ice manufacturing houses in Kerman Province cities.

Materials and Methods: This study was cross-sectional and census method was used as data collecting method. Sampling was done in the first half of the year 2008 so that Choliform bacterial situation in four ice manufacturing houses at the cities of Kerman was evaluated. Water and ice samples collected from three different process of ice-making (entrance, processing, exit). Samples were taken in the first two-month of Spring and last month of Summer (each month, ten times).

Results: Results showed that 27 samples out of 120 samples had Choliform infection. Minimum infection was related to entrance process (approximately 7.5%) and maximum infection related to exit process (approximately 37.5%).

Conclusion: Results of the experiments showed that all of the ice manufacturing houses had Choliform infection. The least infection belonged to ice manufacturing house No 1 (18.18%) and the most infection related to ice-manufacturing houses No 2 and 4 (25% for each one ( . This study showed that in spite of low contamination in entrance stage of water, there existed a high contamination in produced ice.

Findings of this study showed that environmental contamination of ice-manufacturing houses and staff working there, can play an immense role in dissemination of bacteria, as well as water-borne diseases, so it is recommended to pay more attention to staff personal hygiene and environmental health of ice-manufacturing houses to reduce the risk of contamination

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Background: Effluents from textile industries contain different types of dyes. One of these dyes used in textile industries is Reactive dye. Because of high molecular weight and complex chemical structures, they show low levels of biodegradability. Hence, the direct disposal of these effluents to municipal wastewater treatment, produce problems in biological treatment processes. The aim of this research is to study the efficacy of membrane filtration process for reactive dye removal from textile industries effluents.

Materials and Methods: In the first step, reactive dye biodegradability was studied through Zahen-Wellens method (ISO9888 1999). In the second step, four types of reactive dyes in 80, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L concentrations passed through spiral wound membrane modules of nanofilter (NF)with a molecular weight cut off (MWCO)of 300 and 600 dalton(Da) and reverse osmosis(RO) of 50 Da in different temperatures and pressures. In each step, permeate flux, rejection coefficient and ADMI (American Dye Manufacturer Institute) value were determined.

Results: Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and rejection coefficient (R%) for reactive dye was 25 and 12. 5 reactively. For NF 300, NF600 and RO, COD and R% were obtained (33%, 36%), (33%, 29%) and (45%, 99. 6%) respectively. The optimum operating condition of 30-35 oC temperature and 4 bar pressure for NF300 & 600Da and 7bar for RO were obtained.

Conclusion: according to obtained results, concentration haven any effect on membrane performance. Results also clearly showed higher removal efficiency for the membrane treatment than for biodegradability studies.

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For all individuals, mental, physical and social health is vital strands of life that are closely interwoven and deeply interdependent. And mental health is crucial to the overall well-being of individuals, societies and countries. Objectives: The aim of this study is to identify the mental health needs of Hamedanian people. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The participants consist of 1300 persons who were selected by stratified sampling. A 30- item questionnaire was used to gather data from the samples. It consisted of three parts: A-demographic factors, B-questions related to mental health service delivery and C- questions related to mental health needs. Results: Results showed that the Hamedan city people believed that mental health services are inadequate, they did not access services near their home (76%) and mass media educational programs about services was poor(34%). The expressed needs of people were: mental health education (72%), established mental health centers in schools (52. 8%) and factories (50. 7%) and expanding the comprehensive mental health centers in the city(57. 8%). Expanding the assurance services (85. 6%), modifying wrong beliefs and ideas about mental illness (42. 6%), and improving the mental health in society. Conclusion: Community based mental health services should to provide comprehensive and local cares and treatments. Services should be comprehensive in that they provide a range of facilities to meet the mental health needs of the population at large as well as of special groups, such as children, adolescents, women and elderly people.

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Enablement and acquiring necessary skills among medical students is a main section of medical education. Any problem in clinical education reduced efficacy and efficiency this part of education that could be due to weakness of education in medical universities. Therefore, medical universities initiated clinical skills learning centers. Materials and Methods: This study as an interventional pre-post test performed on interned medical students. Before and after educational course including cardio-pulmonary resuscitation, hemorrhage control, non-invasive ventilation, suturing, insertion of urinary and nose-gastric catheters and administration of local anesthesia, a two- Part questionnaire including demographic and emergency clinical skills was filled for each student. The data were analyzed using statistical tests. Reliability of questionnaire was conformed by some expert scientific staffs and its validity was approved through the pilot study of 20 students with correlation coefficient 0.93 of Cronbach's Alpha Results: This study showed that students after intervention of educational training, in all of the emergency clinical skills including cardio-pulmonary resuscitation, hemorrhage control, non-invasive ventilation, suturing, insertion of urinary and nose-gastric catheters and administration of local anesthesia, have gained desirable and optimal scores in comparison with pre educational training. Conclusion: Our results suggest that training of medical students in actual media for emergency skills improves medical students' knowledge and ability for management and appropriate treatment of patients in emergency centers.

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One of the most important environmental problems is water and soil contamination with heavy metal ions. In this direction, the aim of this investigation was biosorptive removal of Cr (VI) using calcium alginate and determination of isotherm and kinetic of biosorption. Materials and Methods: Using batch system, biosorption capacity of calcium alginate for removal of Cr(VI) ions was investigated as function of pH, shaking time and Cr(VI) ions concentration. For determination of active bands and biosorbent characteristic, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis were carried out respectively. Results: Regarding the FT-IR analysis, It was shown that C=O and O–H groups played a significant role in Cr (VI) biosorption onto alginate calcium. The optimum pH was obtained at pH value of 4.0. Suitable fitness between the experimental data and studied isotherm was obtained (R2>0.9). Maximum biosorption capacity of calcium alginate was 84.75 mg/g. The mean free energy of Cr(VI) biosorption (E) was calculated 9.129 kJ/mol. Moreover, the pseudo-second order kinetic model was found to be suitable than the pseudo-first order kinetic model to correlate the experimental data (R2>0.97) and equilibrium was achieved within 120 min. Conclusion: It can be stated that biosorption of Cr (VI) onto calcium alginate occurs through a chemical mechanism. Also, according to maximum biosorption capacity, it can be stated that calcium alginate is an effective and efficient biosorbent.

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Background : Ectopic migration of IUD into bladder and urethra with subsequent formation of ston on it is among the rare complications of IUD .Two women, 38 and 45years old with recurrent bladder stone due to their IUDs inserted 5-6 years before were admitted with urinary irritation symptoms .In primary cystoscopy , no trace was found of either IUDs or their penetration into the stones . The stones were broken by electrohydraulic , however with further observation in the subsequent admissions and a thorough investigation , it was realized that the IUD prong had penetrated about 0.5 cm into bladder and formed stones . Since the IUDs could not be removed by cystoscope, in order to prevent the next recurrence and formation of cystovaginal fistula, the IUDs and stones were removed by cystostomy. In a two- year follow –up no complications were reported .

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Background : Effluents containing synthetic dyes are hazardous to ecological systems and public health. Methylene blue is an important chemical aromatic dye which commonly used in textile industries. Due to being aromatic, it is often toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic. The goal of this study was to investigate the efficiency of ZnO nano particles photocatalytic process for decolorization of methylene blue by UV irradiation from synthetic textile wastewater. Materials and Methods: In this study methylene blue photocatalytic decomposition using Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and zinc oxide nano particles having less than 50 nm in diameter was surveyed. A batch-through Plexiglass reactor having two compartment used to conduct the experiments. Wastewater was flowed to the compartment which contains of nano ZnO stabilized glasses. UV lamps were installed at another compartment. The variables of the study included: exposure time, color concentration, light intensity, and lamp distance to the catalyst surface. Results: ZnO nano particles characteristics were determined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Images showed that stabilizes nano particles on glass, their porosity remains in the optimal level. Optimium values for exposure time 120 minutes, color concentration 25 mg/l, light intensity 3950 μW/cm2, and distance to the catalyst surface 1 cm were achieved. At the optimal condition, methylene blue decolorization and COD removal was achieved 92.2% and 75% respectively Conclusion: Regarding the conducted experiments, the results of this studyshowed that ZnO/UV photocatalytic process has a significant efficiency in dye decolorization and COD removal. This method could be applied in the full scales.

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Background : Rivers are a fraction of flowing waters in the worlds and one of the important sources of water for different consumptions such as agricultural, drinking and industrial uses. The aim of this study was to assess water quality of the Khorramrood River in Khorramabad by NSFWQI index. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, quality parameters needed for NASWQI index calculation such as BOD5, dissolved oxygen (DO), total nitrate, fecal coliform, pH, total phosphate, temperature, turbidity and total suspended solids content were measured for six months (from July to December 2012)using standard methods at six selected stations. The river zoning conducted by GIS software. Results: According to the results obtained through this study, the highest and the lowest water quality value was observed in stations 1 and 6 with NSFWQI indexes 82 water with good quality, 42 water with bad quality, respectively. With moving toward last station (from 1 to 6 station) water pollution increased. Conclusion: Results of the study indicated that water quality index NSFWQI is a good index to identify the effect of polluter sources on the river water. Based on the average of the index NSFWQI, water quality in station one was good, in the second, third and fourth stations were mediocre and the fifth and sixth stations had bad quality. These results allow to make decisions about monitoring and controlling water pollution sources, as well as provide different efficient uses of it by relevant authorities.

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Background : The presence of antibiotics in water sources indicates inadequacy of conventional treatment processes for antibiotics removal. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of the advanced oxidation process, UV/H2O2, in the removal of ceftriaxone from an aqueous solution on a laboratory scale. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on a lab scale in a reactor with a capacity of 5800 ml. Aqueous solutions containing ceftriaxone with concentrations of 9, 18, and 27 mg/l were produced. The effect of different variables including the initial concentrations of the antibiotic, pH, retention time, different lamp voltages, and H2O2 concentrations were investigated. The ceftriaxone concentrations were measured using HPLC method. Results: The results of the study showed that the UV/H2O2 method is able to remove 75% of a 9 mg/l concentration of ceftriaxone from an aqueous solution in 3 hours. The removal rates for ceftriaxone are affected by parameters such as pH, the initial concentration of ceftriaxone, the concentration of H2O2 and the intensity of UV radiations. Acidic pH (pH=3), low concentrations of ceftriaxone (9 mg/l), high H2O2 concentrations (15 mg/l) and higher radiation levels (36 Watt) resulted in higher removal rates. Conclusion: The advanced oxidation method UV/ H2O2 is able to effectively remove ceftriaxone from aqueous solutions under proper environmental conditions.

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Background : One of the major disadvantages of zinc oxide in aqueous solution is the light unstability of this catalyst due to the light corrosion which causes substantial reduction of photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide and application of it for environment purification. In this study, the performance of photocatalytic of UV/Silica-ZnO was compared in dye and COD removal by UV/ZnO. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the lab scale. The various percentages of silica nanoparticles in the combination of zinc oxides nanoparticles were fixed onto the glass by UV/Silica-ZnO process and were examined at optimum condition in the UV/ZnO process. XRD patterns of zinc oxide nanoparticles alone and accomplished by silica were conducted. Results: X-ray diffraction, confirm that there is no impurity in nanoparticles. The different percentages of silica (5, 10 and 15%) were tested in combination with zinc oxide nanoparticles. The findings showed that the value of dye and COD removal with contact time of 90 min and 10% silica loading in UV/Silica-ZnO process were 100 % and 81%, respectively and UV/ZnO process were 66% and 44% respectively. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, 10% of silica, in combination with zinc oxide nanoparticles, was the best percentage. Thus, UV/Silica-ZnO process can be used as an effective method for removing dye from textile waste waters.

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Introduction: Particulate matter refers to the combination of atmospheric pollutants that a portion of this particulate is bioaerosol. The aim of this study was the evaluation of bacteria, fungi and biomass in particulate matter in ambient air of Khorramabad during summer and autumn 2012. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross sectional study that conducted in Khorramabad city during summer and fall 2012. Sampling has been done via high-volume sampler. The special cultures were used for cultivation and determination of fungal and Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC (and Bradford method were used to determine bacteria and protein as biomass indicator, respectively. Relationship between these variables with metrological parameters was evaluated too. Results: The highest PM10 in July (257.18 µg/m3) and lowest in September (92.45 µg/m3) had been recorded. The highest amount of bacteria and fungi were measured as monthly in November (605 No/m3) and December (120 No/m3), respectively. The highest of protein concentration was measured in August, September and December (27-30 µg/m3). With the increase in PM10, biomass concentration in the air showed a meaningful increase. Conclusion: Biomass concentration in the air increased with increasing PM10 but it had no significant effect on the concentration of bacteria and fungi in the air. Meteorological factors such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, solar radiation and the amount of exposure time had a significant impact on bioaerosol concentrations in the air.

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Background : Corrosion can cause economic damages, decreased useful life and diseases in the consumers. Therefore, in the present study, the status of potential of corrosion and scaling were investigated in water resources of Noorabad city of Lorestan.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, samples were collected from 7 wells of drinking water and 2 water storage tanks during from autumn to winter in Noorabad. To do so, parameters including pH, pHs, temperature, calcium hardness, alkalinity and TDS were measured and based on their values, four indexes including Langelier, Ryznar, Aggressive and Pokoryus were determined.
Results: Results showed that Langelier, Rayznr, Pokoryus and Aggressive indexes were in the range of +0.07 to +0.61, 7.44 to 8.06, 6.9 to 7.25 and 11.38 to 11.9, respectively. According to the Langelier, Ryznar, Pukorius and Aggressive indexes, all of drinking water sources were corrosive which were studied in Noorabad city. However, according to the Langelier index, all of drinking water sources were sedimentary.
Conclusion: Result obtained from studied indexes showed that the drinking water in Noorabad is corrosive and so the water quality in water supply system should be monitored continuously. The best applicable practices for decreasing water corrosion in water supply system are including continuous control of pH, chlorination mechanism and the use of corrosion resistant pipelines and facilities.