Fatemeh Yari , Hedayat Nazari , Hosein Khedmat , Abbas Tavalaee , Saeed Foroghi , Fatemeh Janani ,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (6-2004)
Abstract
Background: Women suffer more often from depression than men. Social research suggests that high androgen levels cause aggressive behavior in men and women, and consequently cause depression. The purpose of this study was to determine serum levels of androgens, especially testosterone, in patients with depression.
Material and methods: In this case-controlled study, we measured serum testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in 30 women with depression and 30 control subjects of the same age, weight, body mass index (BMI) and menstruation cycle.
Results: Total testosterone and free testosterone levels were significantly higher in patients with depression (202.3 ng/dl and 0.4 ng/dl respectively) than in the control group (140.3 ng/dl and 0.1 ng/dl respectively). There was no significant difference in dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels.
Conclusions: This study may indicate a role of androgen, especially testosterone in the pathogenesis of depression.
Raedeh Tavalaee, Ahmad Ali Moazedi, Mohamad Kazem Gharibnaseri, Mohamad Reza Akhond,
Volume 19, Issue 2 (10-2017)
Abstract
Background: The effects of cholinergic system are applied through both nicotine and muscarinic receptors. Considering to muscarinic receptorsexistence in therat ileum, in this researchthe effectof carbachol (muscarinic receptor agonist) and scopolamine (muscarinic receptor antagonists) on the ileum contraction induced by KCl in adult male rats were studied.
Materials and Methods: The distal part of Wistar rat’s ileum was separated and its contractions were recorded under one gr stretching and 37 degree temperature in the bathroom containing the solution of Tyrode by Isotonic method. The ileum tissue separately affected by KCl then carbachol in the first group, KCl then scopolamine in the second group, scopolamine for 30 minutes then KCl in the third group and 10-3 M concentration of scopolamine for 30 minutesthen 10-2 M concentration carbachol in the fourth group.
Results: There was a significant difference between zero concentration and (10-2,10-3,10-4mg/ml) concentrations of carbachol (P<0.001). There was a significant difference between zero concentration and 10-3 M concentration of scopolamine (P<0.01) and also the values of 10-4, 10-6M (P<0.001). There was a significant difference between zero concentration and 10-3 M concentration of scopolamine (P<0.01) and also the values of 10-4M (P<0.001) and 10-6M (P<0.05) when scopolamine was exposed tissue for 30 minutes.
Conclusion: This study showed that different concentrations of carbachol enhance induced contraction by potassium chloride in a concentration-dependent manner and has a synergistic effect with potassium chloride. Also, different concentrations of scopolamine decrease induced contraction by potassium chloride in a concentration-dependent manner.
