Yafteh

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Introduction: Lead intoxication in children has been associated with neurodevelopment disabilities that may result in motor and cognitive impairment. The aim of the present study is to evaluate in long term effects of prenatal exposure to low-level Pb2+ on learning, memory and EEG. Materials & Methods: Rat pregnant were exposed to distilled water or 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 % of Pb-acetate in the drinking water during of pregnancy. Behavioral analysis was carried out in male offspring by using one way active avoidance. The numbers of electric shock was detected as an index of learning and memory of rats. At 60 days of age (active avoidance learning) and at 90 days of age (memory) behavioral assessment was measured. Then the rats were implanted with electrodes in sensorimotor regain. After a recovery period, EEG was also recorded. Findings: Lead acetate was no affected on learning but dose of 0.1% which was affected on memory of rats (No. of shocks 5.185 ± 0.98%) compared to the control (No. of shocks 1.667 ± 0.62%). This finding also showed that lead acetate (p<0.05) only decreases of memory ability. Except an increase in the delta waves, there was no any statistical signifiucant on EEG spectral power between test and control groups. Conclusion: In this research the lead acetate was no affected on EEG. The results showed that using dose of 0.1% lead acetate was affected on behavior and decrease of memory ability of tested rats.

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Background: Complications of diabetes can be caused by the production of free radicals, which lead to memory problems and increase the risk of dementia. Diabetics are at risk of nervous pains. Gallic acid has antioxidant properties and activity against free radicals. In this study the effect of oral administration of Gallic acid, were examined on passive‌ avoidance ‌memory and pain in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Rats were divided into control, diabetes with STZ (60mg/kg), 3-groups of control and 3‌groups of diabetic rats and received Gallic ‌‌acid (10, 50&100 mg/kg oral, for two weeks). Blood glucose levels were measured from tail. Results: Results showed a significant reduction in memory (delayed coming down from the podium) in the diabetic group all days except day of learning (P≤0.01). Dose of 50 mg/kg Gallic‌ acid caused a significant increase in non-diabetic rats on the first day of memory (P≤0.01), third and seventh (P≤0.05) and dose of 10 mg/kg on the first day (P≤0.05). Compared with diabetic group a significant increase was observed in the first day (P≤0.01), third and seventh (P≤0.05) in diabetics receiving doses of 50 and 10mg/kg Gallic‌ acid. The reflex for tail pulling away from the center of pain was significantly lower (P≤0.01) in the diabetic group. And only the dose of 50 caused a significant increase in the diabetic group (P≤0.01). Conclusion: Probably Gallic‌ acid with strong antioxidant effect led to scavenge free radicals and reduced the complications of diabetes, including pain and may have effects on neural pathways in specific brain regions and has led to improved memory in normal rats and diabetic.

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Background : Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion (CCH) is a common pathophysiological state that generally happens in conditions such as Alzheimer and vascular dementia, which both of them are known by cognitive impairment. The recognition of particular mechanisms in the chain of events from CCH to a cognitive deficit may identify potential targets for efficient therapies. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of olive leaf extract, with regarding the antioxidant and antiinflammation effects of extract, on corticostreon and dehyroepiandrestrone (DHEA) after the induction of cerebral hypoperfusion in rats.

 

Materials and Methods: Wistar rats were divided into five groups of control, hypoperfusion, (hypoperfusion + 100 mg/kg extract), (hypoperfusion +200mg/kg) and ( hypoperfusion + 300mg/kg).In the hypoperfusion groups both common carotids were permanently occluded (with one week interval). Surgery without occlusion of the carotid was applied on the control. Olive leaf extracts with dosages 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg was given to the animals by gavage technique for 25 days. Then blood samples were taken and the serum concentration of corticostrone and DHEA were measured by ELISA method.

 

Results: In comparison with the control group, there was a significant reduction in corticostrone concentration in hypoperfusion group but olive leaf extract with 300mg/kg dosage, succeeded in abolishing the reduction. The significant differences in DHEA concentration was not observed among treated groups.

 

Conclusion: In this study, the olive leaf extract succeeded in elevating of corticostrone concentration which was reduced by hypopefusion, this study showed the protective effects of olive leaf extracts on hypothalamus – hypophysis –adrenal axis, since the extract has wide useful effects, we suggest it’s effective components to be separately examined to find the exact mechanism.

 

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Background : Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder, is a common psychological disorder in persons, that continues from childhood into adulthood and leads to problem in various aspects of  their  life, such as personal, social, professional, and executive function such as working memory. Several studies indicate a close relationship between working memory deficits and attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. Given the lack of studies on the effectiveness of neurofeedback in improving working memory in adults with ADHD, this study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of neurofeedback in working memory.

Materials and Methods: Research design was experimental with pre-test and post-test and control group and carried out on adults with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder referred to the Atieh clinic in Tehran .After reviewing inclusion and exclusion criteria,16 persons based on purposive sampling were selected in 2 groups of 8 cases as experimental and control groups. The research instruments were the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Inventory adult attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder of Barkley, vital cns test, auditory and visual integrated test signs. Data analysis, through SPSS software using U Mann-Whitney, was performed. The independent t-test, Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used also for complementary results. The protocol  used in this study, was increasing of beta waves on FZ.

Results: The results showed that neurofeedback was led to a significant increase in working memory in experimental group.

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, which is consistent with results of the researches done in this field, neurofeedback increases frontal lobe activity and activation of neural circuits involved in executive function and working memory, and improve executive function and working memory deficits in patients with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. As a result, given the efficacy of neurofeedback in improving working memory, using this method, is suggested for the same treatment.

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Background: The aim of present study was to investigate executive functions included of working memory, organization-planning and reasoning in the children with and without specific learning disability with the characteristic reading and writing.

Materials and methods: The design of this research was Ex-Post Facto design. Statistical population was all male students of third grade primary schools in Tehran which were referred to education institution with diagnosis special learning disorders in educational centers. The sample included of 90 students chosen and assigned into 3 groups of 30 students, included of: children who had specific learning disability with characteristic reading, children who had specific learning disability with characteristic writing, normal children were selected by systematic randomized sampling and 3 groups were compared. The data instruments were: Wechsler’ subtests of similarities and digit differences, Andre Ray test, in formal (unofficial) reading and dictation test. The obtained data were analyzed with ANOVA.

Results: The results showed that there was difference between the group of normal children and other group in executive functions including working memory, organization-planning and reasoning (P<0.05). Also there was difference between two children groups with specific learning disability with  characteristic reading and writing in working memory and reasoning, whereas for organization-planning parameter there were not seen any differences between these two groups (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Regarding to obtained results, it is recommended to adoption some ways for improvements of working memory, organization-planning and reasoning

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Background : The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of six months aerobic exercise with moderate intensity on BDNF, IL-6, and short-term memory in 50-65 years old women with syndrome metabolic.
Materials and Methods: 24 women with metabolic syndrome (MetS) took part voluntarily and divided in tow groups MetS exercise (ME), MetS control (MC). ME group participated in an aerobic exercise training (AT) program (six months), tree session per week, each session containing tree performing part and tow rest part (five minutes). Initially, the duration of aerobic exercise in each session was eight minutes. One minute added each week to the duration of aerobic exercise till twelve weeks. Also, blood samples were conducted before and after six months training for evaluating levels of BDNF and IL-6. Short-term memory measured by Digit span memory test, BDNF, and IL-6 measured by Radioimmunoassay before and after six months aerobic training. Data were analyzed using Pearson coefficient, Pried-sample T-Test, and independent samples T-Test.
Results: BDNF and short-term memory after six months aerobic exercise significantly increased (P˃0.05). IL-6 after six months aerobic exercise significantly decreased (P˃0.05).
Conclusion: Findings show that six months aerobic exercises induce to decrease IL-6 and increase BDNF level, so this trend trepan ameliorate short-term memory score.

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Background: Stroke is the most important cause of death in the world and in Iran after heart disease and cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of neuropsychological rehabilitation on memory and executive function in patients with stroke in Yasuj.
Materials and Methods: The method of this research was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group and 6-month follow-up. The statistical population of the study consisted of all patients with stroke who referred to Shahid Beheshi Hospital in Yasouj. From the statistical population, 30 people were selected by purposive sampling method and then randomly assigned to two experimental groups (15 people) and control (15 people). The experimental group for 22 sessions of 90 minutes under the method Underwent neuropsychological rehabilitation therapy. In order to collect research data, the Concise Examination Scale, Wechsler Working Memory Test, Adult Wechsler Clinical Memory and the Tower of London Problem Solving Test (were used. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance or repeated measures with Bonferroni post hoc test.
Results: The results of analysis of covariance showed that the neuropsychological rehabilitation approach was effective on memory and executive function of people with stroke and significantly improved memory and executive function of people with stroke (P < 0/05).
Conclusion: According to a research finding, the neuropsychological approach to improving memory can be the executive function of people with stroke.

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